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A Journal of Entomology
Volume 63 1956
Editorial Board FRANK M. CARPENTER, Editor P. J. DARLINGTON, JR. W. L. BROWN, JR. JOSEPH C. BEQUAERT EK. O. WILSON
Published Quarterly by the Cambridge Entomological Club Editorial Office; Biological Laboratories Harvard University Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.
The numbers of Psyche issued during the past year were mailed on the following dates:
Vol. 62, no. 4, Dec., 1955: April 25, 1956 Vol. 63, no. 1, March, 1956: October 11, 1956 Vol. 63, no. 2, June, 1956: January 23, 1957 Vol. 63, no. 3, Sept., 1956: June 28, 1957
PSYC
AT JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
EsTABLISHED IN 1874
March, 1956 | No. 1
Vol. 63
0G
hn
PAB EE On (CONMIN TES
| Austrahan Carabid Beevles IM Notes’ om the »Acoumin 2. Je Darlington, Jr. p i : : ceil
Symbrenthia silana de Niceville, a Good Species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). N. W. Gillham .. : : ; : lel
Drosophilid and Chloropid Fles Bred from Skunk Cabbage. W. JL. Brown, Jr. : : i : i ! , : ; : te
The Genus*'Mesentotoma (Collembola: Entomobryidae). KK. A. Ciintswiansen ie. : : ; ; ; 5 14
Feeding Behavior in the Ant Rhopalothrix birot Szab6. HLH. O. Wilson 21
A New Southwestern Species of Mallota Meigen (Diptera: Svrphidae). LEVELS ie ; é ; ; Oe
Nymphalhs vau-album (Schiffermuller & Denis), a Holaretic Species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). N. W. Gillham : Sad
Two New Species of Hmelinus from Arizona (Coleoptera: Aderidae). F. G. Werner : ; i / ; ; : : ; 2 6) BO)
Some Syncnymies in the Ant Genus Camponotus. W. L. Brown, Jr. 38
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PSYCHE
Vol. 63 March, 1956 No. 1
AUSTRALIAN CARABID BEETLES III. NOTES ON THE AGONINE?
By P. J. DARLINGTON, JR. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.
One of the interesting things in the geography of cara- bid beetles is that certain dominant groups of them have complementary distributions. For example, among small, ground-living but non-fossorial Carabidae, the great genus Tachys is dominant in the tropics but diminishes north- ward and southward; and it is largely replaced in the north-temperate zone and to some extent in some south- temperate areas by another great, related genus, Bembi- dion, which is very poorly represented in the tropics (cf. Darlington, Coleopterists’ Bulletin Vol. 7, No. 2, 1953, pp. 12-16).
Two other tribes of larger Carabidae which have some- what complementary distributions are the Pterostichini and Agonini. These tribes are only partly and very com- plexly complementary. Both are in fact cosmopolitan, but unevenly so. In some places, they occur in nearly equal numbers; in other places, Pterostichini are overwhelmingly dominant; and in others, Agonini are so.
These tribes tend to be complementary within the Aus- tralian region. In Australia itself and Tasmania Ptero- stichini are dominant, with more than 350 known species against only about 20 species of Agonini in the same area. But in New Guinea Agonini are dominant, with 107 known full species and 14 additional geographical. subspecies
1Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. zs
2 Psyche [Sheree
(Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Vol. 107, No. 3, 1952, pp. 89-252, pls.) against only about 20-odd species of Pterostichini (in material assembled for study but not yet formally studied).
One reason for the number of Agonini in New Guinea is that species of this tribe have multiplied on the moun- tains there, in forest at middle and high altitudes. Some of them occur even in the high grasslands above the forest line, at 11,000 feet or higher, where the climate is colder than it is in much of Australia. In Australia, how- ever, Pterostichini, not Agonini, have multiplied on the mountains. Why this should be so is not immediately apparent. The Australian mountains are lower, but this does not account for the difference. On the Atherton Tableland and elsewhere in tropical Queensland in north- eastern Australia, at altitudes of 2,000 or 3,000 feet, are big tracts of full-scale rainforest (called “‘scrub” in Aus- tralia) entirely comparable to the rainforests of New Guinea and containing some of the same species of trees. This kind of forest in New Guinea is inhabited by many Agonini and few Pterostichini; but in Australia, by few Agonini and many Pterostichini, most of the latter belong- ing to Australian genera which do not reach New Guinea at all. I have collected extensively in both the Australian and New Guinean rainforests, and I can testify from my own experience that the pterostichine-agonine faunas of the two places are unexpectedly and profoundly different —in spite of the fact that they share some identical species!
This difference can hardly be accounted for in simple ecological terms but is probably due to a complex combina- tion of ecological, historical, and geographical factors. Over the world as a whole, there is a tendency for Agonini to be better represented in the tropics; Pterostichini, in the temperate zones; although this zonal complementarity is not strongly defined. Also it is probable that the Agonini are more recent in origin than the Pterostichini and that they have dispersed more recently, although the dispersal of each group has been very complex, and although even the Agonini dispersed long enough ago to have reached all
1956] Darlington — Australian Carabidae as
parts of the world and to have differentiated to some extent in different regions. I base this guess, of the more recent rise and dispersal of Agonini, chiefly on the lesser diversity of this tribe as compared with the Pterostichini. If all this is correct, it may be guessed that Pterostichini are dominant in Australia partly because Australia is more temperate than tropical in climate, and partly be- cause the Pterostichini reached Australia before Agonini did; and it may be guessed that Agonini are dominant in New Guinea partly because the climate there is fully tropical, and partly because the carabid fauna of New Guinea is more recent in its origins than that of Australia. Add to this that the mountain carabid faunas of Aus- tralia and New Guinea have been derived independently, each from the lowland fauna adjacent to it, and not by dispersal along a connecting mountain chain, and we have an adequate and probably correct explanation of the un- expected difference in composition of the carabid faunas in the mountain rainforests of Australia and New Guinea.
Whether or not this explanation is correct, the situa- tion among Carabidae suggests that, although Australia and New Guinea were connected by land at times in the Pleistocene (perhaps as recently as ten thousand years ago) and although some species crossed the connection, rainforest and mountain habitats were not fully con- tinuous and whole faunas were not exchanged.
Sloane (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., Vol. 35, 1910, pp. 453-458) revised the Australian Agonini (“‘Sphodrini’’) known to him, recognizing 4 genera and 10 species not including Homothes, which he transferred to this tribe (“Anchomenini’”’) in 1920 (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., Vol. 45, p. 164). However, some of his generic assignments, although correct according to the usage of his time, are now known to be wrong and misleading. I therefore offer the following new key to the Australian genera of Agonini (Sphodrini, Anchomenini). This key is still preliminary in some ways, but it puts the Australian forms in line with the New Guinean ones and disposes of the most mis- leading assignments.
The following key applies only to Australian species of
4
Psyche [March
the genera in question. In the case of genera represented in Australia by single species, the species are character- ized and named in the key. A comparable key to New Guinean Agonini is given in my paper cited above, pages 114-116.
nS
oo
KX
©
Preliminary key to Australian genera of Agonini
Tarsi sparsely pubescent above; tarsal claws serrate on inner edge in basal half; (relatively large, c. 13-15
mm., dull black; introduced) .... Laemostenus com- planatus Dej. Tarsi not pubescent above; claws not serrate .... 2
Tarsal claws each with an acute tooth on inner edge at base; (winged, brown, rather slender, prothorax suboval)ia.. eee Dicranoncus queenslandicus (Sl.) Tansale claws not stoobtimed. yes sas 3 Wings full and all normal setae of head and pronotum PYCSENU 205, 2 oR a ee ee ee A Wings vestigial and/or one or more pairs of supraocu- lar or lateral prothoracic setae absent .......... qT Sole of hind tarsus with a single, regular row of bristles on each side, with middle of sole bare; (slightly aeneous, Agonum-like) ...... Lorostemma cooki (SI.) Bristles of hind-tarsal sole not as above ........ 5 Brown, bronzed, or black; last hind-tarsal segment without accessory setae at sides below; elytra (in Australian species) not spined .......... Notagonum Purple (or blue), at least on elytra ............ 6 Last hind-tarsal segment with accessory setae; elytra not spined; (prothorax narrow; elytra wide, purple) ae ie er a er Colpodes porphyriacus (Sl.) Last hind-tarsal segment without accessory setae; elytra spined at apex about opposite second intervals; (prothorax rather wide; color purple or bluish-purple) AON te Winae 2k 8 Violagonum (n. gen.) violaceum (Chd.) Wings full; humeri normal; (depressed; dull brown or black, often margined or finely speckled with pale) ee Rr ee ee ME OM i ein pe aA eee Homothes Wings vestigial; humeri dentate; (convex; shining black) (25.3 Odontagonum (n. gen.) nigrum Nn. sp.
1956] Darlington — Australian Carabidae )
list of genera
Laemostenus (or Laemosthenes) is a Palearctic genus. L. complanatus Dej. is native to the sub-desert regions of North Africa. It has been introduced around the Mediter- ranean, on several Atlantic islands, in western North America, southern South America, and parts of Australia and Tasmania, etc.
Dicranoncus is a mainly Oriental genus. D. queens- landicus (Sl.) extends from India and the Philippines to North Queensland. In the Philippines (on Luzon) I found it living in clumps of tall grass in open country.
Lorostemma is an Oriental-Australian genus. L. cooki (Sl.) occurs from North Queensland south at least to Brisbane, where I took a series in flood debris in Oct.- Nov., 1948. It resembles L. informalis Darl. of New Guinea, but has a smaller prothorax with narrower mar- gins. I have not made a more detailed comparison.
Notagonum is a genus of convenience, proposed for a number of relatively unspecialized New Guinean species which resemble the northern Agonuwm but do not really belong to it. I tentatively assign to Notagonum about 8 Australian species. Most of them have heretofore been listed as Agonum, Platynus, Anchomenus, or Europhilus, but these genera are all primarily northern and do not occur in the Australian Region. I shall not discuss these species in detail, except (below) to record one of them from Australia for the first time and to describe another as new.
Colpodes, as used here, is another genus of convenience not sharply separable from Notagonum, but containing usually more specialized, larger, often more brightly colored, often arboreal rather than terrestrial species. The only Australian species here assigned to Colpodes is porphyriacus (Sl.), which is known to me only by descrip- tion. Of two other ‘‘Colpodes” listed by Sloane (1910), one (laferter Mont.) is here tentatively assigned to Notagonum, and the other (violaceus Chd.) is placed in a new genus (below).
6 Psyche stoner
Violagonum is a new, monotypic genus proposed for Colpodes violaceus Chd. of New Guinea ete. and North Queensland.
Homothes is a primarily Australian genus, with half a dozen or more species in Australia and Tasmania. The genus is now known to have an endemic species also in Java and Luzon (Louwerens, in Treubia, Vol. 21, 1952, 10. AlS217)) .
[Aeolodermus emarginatus (Chd.), related to Homothes and described as from Victoria, is probably not Australian. It occurs from the Malay Peninsula to Celebes and the Philippines. |
Odontagonum is a new, monotypic genus based on a new species from North Queensland.
This list of genera shows that the native Agonini of Australia, heretofore thought to include geographically isolated representatives of several north-temperate genera, actually consist of the following:
Two chiefly Oriental genera which extend to north- eastern Australia: Dicranoncus is represented in Aus- tralia by a widely distributed Indo-Australian species; Lorostemma, by a slightly defined endemic species.
One mainly New Guinean genus and species, Vio- lagonum violaceum, which extends to North Queensland without differentiation.
Two tentative genera of convenience, Notagonum and Colpodes, with about 9, mostly relatively unspecialized Australian species. One of these species, Notagonum dentellum, is mainly New Guinean; 1, Notagonum lafer- tei, shared with New Caledonia; and 1, Notagonum sub- metallicum, shared with New Zealand.
One genus, Homothes, which is chiefly Australian but represented in Java etc. by an endemic species.
And one probably autochthonous (but not necessarily very old), flightless genus and species, Odontagonum nigrum, confined to North Queensland.
The general nature of this fauna is consistent with the Agonini being relatively recent in Australia, and having accumulated there by successive arrivals from (or ex- changes with) the Orient and New Guinea.
1956 ] Darlington — Australian Carabidae i
New records and descriptions Notagonum dentellum Darl.
Darlington 1952, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Vol. 107, 147. This species, which is widely distributed in New Guinea, occurs also in North Queensland. I took two specimens of it at Millaa Millaa, on the Atherton Tableland, in April, QRZ. Notagonum nigrellum n. sp.
With characters of genus as defined in my paper on New Guinean Agonini, pages 127-129. Form of rather slender Agonum; black, appendages dark, margins of prothorax and elytra not pale; upper surface moderately shining, not iridescent, not punctate; microsculpture iso- diametric on head, slightly transverse on pronotum and elytra. Head .77 and .77 (in ¢ @ measured) width prothorax; eyes large, moderately prominent; posterior supraocular setae about between posterior edges of eyes. Prothorax: width/length 1.29 and 1.29 (in ¢@ meas- ured); base/apex 1.32 and 1.25; sides rather broadly arcuate, sometimes subangulate at anterior marginal setae, converging and nearly straight or slightly sinuate before posterior angles; latter obtuse, usually slightly blunted; lateral margins rather narrow; basal foveae rather shal- low, not or vaguely punctuate; anterior marginal line entire or nearly so, posterior one vague at middle. EHlytra moderately wide; humeri rounded, sides behind humeri nearly straight and slightly diverging, then increasingly arcuate to moderate subapical sinuations; apices rounded or slightly denticulate (variable) at sutural angles; striae well impressed, not or faintly punctulate; intervals mod- erately convex, outer ones not much modified toward apex, srd with 3 normally placed punctures. Lower surface virtually impunctate; abdomen not pubescent. Fourth hind- tarsal segment rather deeply emarginate but not strongly lobed. Length, about 8-9; width, 2.9-3.4 mm.
Holotype ¢ (M. C. Z. Type No. 29,461) and 22 para- types all from Mt. Kosciusco, 5,000-7,000 ft. altitude, Dec. 1931, taken by myself probably (if my memory is correct) beside brooks.
8 Psyche [March
This new species is probably related to Notagonwm (“Anchomenus’’) marginellus (Er.), but differs from it and from other related species in being entirely black and in having narrower prothoracic margins.
Violagonum n. gen.
Broad Agonum-like in form; color (in single known species) purple or purplish-blue. Head rather short (not elongate as in Colpodes) ; mentum toothed; mouth parts and antennae normal; both pairs supraocular setae pres- ent. Prothorax rather wide, with usual 2 pairs laterai pronotal setae. Elytra each with a spine at apex about opposite 2nd interval; striae normal; intervals normal except 9th narrowed apically (above subapical sinua- tions) ; 3rd normally 3-punctate. Inner wings full. Legs and tarsi normally agonine; tibiae not sulcate on outer edges; hind tarsi suleate on each side above, with setae not forming single regular rows on each side below; 4th hind-tarsal segment lobed, outer lobe much longer than inner; 5th hind-tarsal segment without obvious accessory setae; claws simple. External sexual characters normal for tribe. Genotype: Colpodes violaceus Chd.
Although the species for which this new genus is pro- posed was, as a matter of convenience, left in Co!’podes in my paper on New Guinean Agonini, it is not a true Colpodes. The short head particularly distinguishes it. The position of the elytral spines distinguishes it from the few species of Notagonwm that have spines: in Notagonum, the spines (when present) are about op- posite the ends of the 3rd elytral intervals. The lobes of the 4th hind-tarsal segment are longer than in most Notagonum. And the general form and color of Violagonum are distinctive, though not themselves of generic value.
Odontagonum n. gen.
Genus proposed for one medium-sized, flightless, convex Agonum-like species with two characters which, so far as I know, are unique among Agonini: antennae pube- scent from the middle of the 3rd (not 4th) segments, and humeri toothed. Since the genus is based on one species, other generic and specific characters are all combined in
1956 | Darlington — Australian Carabidae 9
the following specific description. Genotype: Odontagonum nigrum n. sp., below.
Odontagonum nigrum n. sp.
Form of a broad, very convex Agonum; black, mod- erately shining, not iridescent, legs brownish black, anten- nae and mouth parts brown; upper surface impunctate except for fixed setigerous punctures; microsculpture light but normal, approximately isodiametric on head, trans- verse on pronotum, more transverse and oblique on elytral disk. Head rather elongate, only .57 and .59 width pro- thorax (in é¢@ measured); eyes much less prominent than in typical Agonum but not much reduced otherwise; genae rather short, oblique, slightly arcuate; anterior supraocular setae absent, posterior ones present, about between posterior edges of eyes; antennae rather short (in tribe), normal except pubescent from middle of 3rd (not 4th) segments; mandibles, maxillae, and maxillary palpi all longer and more slender than usual in tribe; labial palpi shorter and stouter; mentum with triangular tooth; neck constriction weak; frontal sulci rather deep, linear, curved; clypeal suture distinct. Prothorax rather large, more narrowed in front than behind; width/length 1.18 and 1.11 (in ¢ © measured) ; base/apex 1.3-++; sides arcuate (not strongly) for most of length, less so or straight toward base; basal angles rather narrowly rounded; anterior angles slightly produced, rather nar- rowly rounded; lateral margins wide posteriorly, nar- rowed anteriorly, rather strongly reflexed, each with seta about 1/3 from apex but none at base; disk convex; basal foveae moderate, not sharply defined, not punctate; middle line well impressed from extreme base nearly to apex; transverse impressions less defined; base not or vaguely margined; apical marginal line distinct at sides, vague at middle. Elytra 1.32 and 1.31 width prothorax (in ¢ 9 measured), convex; basal margin strong and entire; humeri dentate; sides arcuate (only slightly so at middle), with moderate subapical sinuations; apices bluntly sub- acute but not produced; lateral margins rather wide, forming slightly convex 10th intervals; sutural striae absent; other striae entire, deep, impunctate; intervals
10 Psyche [Akesecn
convex, 7th subcostate in about anterior 1/2 of length, outer ones not much modified toward apex, 3rd with 1 setigerous puncture, near middle of length. Inner wings evidently vestigial; metepisterna scarcely longer than wide. Lower surface impunctate; abdomen not pubescent. Tibiae not sulecate on outer edges; hind tarsi slender, not dis- tinctly grooved above; 4th hind-tarsal segment simply emarginate; 5th segment with 2 or 3 accessory setae each side below. External sexual characters normal; 4 front tarsi more widely dilated than usual in tribe. Length about 11.0-11.5; width about 4.0-4.3 mm.
Holotype (M. C. Z. Type No. 29,462) ¢ from Millaa Millaa, Atherton Tableland, North Queensland, 2,500 ft. altitude. Two (46 2) paratypes from Lake Barrine, Ather- ton Tableland, 2,300 ft. All specimens taken by myself in “scrub” (rainforest), in April, 1932.
SYMBRENTHIA SILANA DE NICEVILLE, A GOOD SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)
By NICHOLAS W. GILLHAM Biological Laboratories, Harvard University
While revising the Nymphalid tribe Vanessini I have had occasion to make a number of genitalic preparations from males and females of most of the species belonging to the genus Symbrenthia'. A study of these preparations has revealed that Symbrenthia silana de Niceville is a distinct species, and not a subspecies of Symbrenthia nip- handa Moore as Fruhstorfer? maintains. The males of both species have very distinct genitalia and can also be told apart by several minute differences in the external facies. Females of stlana were no available for study in the material at hand so the following diagnosis is ap- plicable to the males of the two species only.
Symbrenthia niphanda Moore Figs. 1-Z Symbrenthia niphanda Moore, 1872. Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1872:559. Type locality: Sikkim, India, de-
scribed from a 6 anda Q.
External facies. 1. Eyespot between M, and M3; on underside of hindwing only slightly elongate as compared with those on either side of it. 2. Marginal green lunules on underside of hindwing crescentic in shape with an orange spot separating them from the blue marginal spot at the outer angle. 3. Forewing below bearing five or six black spots between Cus and 2dA.
Male genitalia (Figs. 1 & 2). 1. Aedeagus short and thick. 2. Saccus very short and narrow. 3. Valve bear-
"Most of the material examined is in the collection of the U.S. Na- tional Museum and is under the care of Mr. William D. Field, who was kind enough to let me make full use of it.
?Fruhstorfer, H. 1912. In Seitz, The Macrolepidoptera of the World, 9 :533.
1]
12 Psyche [March
ing a single caudal prong. 4. Uncus flanked by two well developed prongs.
Distribution. This species is recorded from Sikkim and Bhutan by Fruhstorfer, loc. cit., and I have seen a male from Assam (U.S. National Museum Collection).
Symbrentia silana de Niceville Figs. 3-4 Symbrenthia silana de Niceville, 1885. J. Asiatic Soc.
Bengal 54:117. Type locality: Buxa, Bhutan, and Sik-
kim, India, described from a male and female.
External facies. 1. Eyespot between M, and Ms; on underside of hindwing very elongate as compared with those on either side of it. 2. Marginal green lunules on underside of hindwing chevron shaped and continuous with the marginal spot at the outer angle. 3. Forewing below bearing three or four black spots between Cus and 2dA.
Male genitalia (Figs. 3 & 4). 1. Aedeagus long and
i
Fig. 1. Male genitalia of Symbrenthia niphanda Moore with the aedeagus and left valve removed. The locality from which this speci- men came is unknown. Fig. 2. Aedeagus of the genitalia in Fig. 1. Fig. 3. Male genitalia of Symbrenthia silana de Niceville with the aedeagus and left valve removed. This specimen was collected at Sivoke, Sikkim. Fig. 4. Aedeagus of the genitalia in Fig. 3. All views are of the lateral aspect at 45x. Both specimens are in the collection of the U.S. National Museum.
wes] Gulham — Symbrenthia silana 13
tapering. 2. Saccus moderately long and thick. 3. Valve bearing a caudal and a darsal prong. 4. Uncus flanked by two poorly developed prongs.
Distribution. This species is only known from Sikkim and Bhutan.
DROSOPHILID AND CHLOROPID FLIES BRED FROM SKUNK CABBAGE. — During May and June, 1956, I collected a great many rotting spathes of skunk cabbage, Symplo- carpus foetidus L. (Nutt.) from a shady red maple swamp in Lexington, Massachusetts. These were placed in a cloth-covered jar, and from 10-20 days later, a succession of small Diptera emerged. The first flies were small psychodids, still undetermined. Two days later, several Drosophila qunaria Loew adults appeared, plus a single small damaged Drosophila, possibly D. transversa or near. Following the first drosophilids by 2-3 days were numerous chloropid adults: about 100 Elachiptera costata (Loew) and 2 each of EF. nigriceps (Loew) and EL. erythropleura Sabrosky, as well as two specimens of Tricimba lineella (Fall.). Drosophila was also reared later from rotting skunk cabbage leaf petioles that were macerated and left exposed for a week in the same swamp during June; the emergents were all or nearly all D. quinaria, and this species was also collected resting on skunk cabbage leaves at the same locality. D. quinaria does not come to baits of watermelon and other rotting fruits placed in the swamp, though numerous other Drosophila and Chymomyza were attracted in this way. I owe the determinations to Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky, Dr. A. H. Sturtevant, and Dr. Marshall R. Wheeler. — W. L. BROWN, JR., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
THE GENUS MESENTOTOMA (COLLEMBOLA: ENTOMOBRYIDAE)
By KENNETH A. CHRISTIANSEN Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa
In 1942 Salmon described a new genus and species of littoral Collembola under the name of Mesentotoma exalga. As he pointed out, these animals had a number of peculiar characteristics, not the least of which was the littoral habitat. Two species previously described as members of the genus Entomobrya also display many of these peculiar characteristics, including the littoral habitat. These are E.. laguna Bacon and LE. dollfust Denis, and both are clearly separated from the remainder of the members of Entomobrya. Of the three species mentioned above, dollfusi is most similar to the members of the genus Hntomobrya, and laguna is least so. In text-figure one below, it can be seen that the three species give the appearance of steps in a linear series of species, becoming more differen- tiated from the typical Entomobrya body structure. The differences between dollfust and the typical Entomobrya species is so great that it is difficult to tell to what group of the genus it is allied. The most likely candidate ap- pears to be the EH. marginata group, and if we accept this hypothesis, then the idea of a linear relationship among the species is considerably reinforced by the struc- ture of the male genital plate and the empodial appendage. While the basal position of dollfusi is fairly clear, some specializations of exalga would tend to indicate that it is not directly ancestral to laguna, although much less dif- ferentiated from the members of the genus Entomobrya. In the remainder of this paper the genus is redefined, and the three species belonging to it are described and figured. Although the unusual habitat makes this animal difficult to find, eventually more species will probably be turned
14
1956] Christiansen — Mesentotoma 15
up, and these may serve to fill out some of the blank spots in the phylogeny of the group.
Genus Mesentotoma Salmon Mesentotoma Salmon, 1942. Records of Dominion Museum,
18 BYS.'559).
Body form oval to elliptical, circular in cross section. Antennae. Lengths of segments variable, commonly 1-2. 5-2.5-3. Second segment with a more or less definite indication of basal subsegmentation. Apical bulb of fourth antennal segment present or lacking. Head oval, only slightly longer than broad. Labral papillae lacking setae. Labial appendage with a well developed differentiated external seta. Legs with all setae ciliate except for normal apical internal smooth setae on third pair of legs. Tenent hair clavate or acuminate. Empodial appendage quadrilam- melate, widened for basal one-half to one-third of length and sharply acuminate for apical remainder. Internal distal edge often excavate. Unguis with from two to four internal teeth. The basal pair enlarged, often basally joined. Internal teeth large, basal in position and usually heavily reinforced. External teeth small or wanting. Mucro lacking basal spine, with small anteapical and large apical teeth.
Mesentotoma exalga Salmon
Figs. 8-10 Mesentotoma exalga Salmon, 1942. Records of Dominion Museum, 1: 58,59.
Color and pattern. Background color yellow, pigment blue as follows: all of antennal segments two, three, and four; basal and apical rings on antennal segment one, plus ventral surface of this segment; ring around each antennal base and a connecting band. Small irregular spots over surface of head and a V-shaped mark in mid- region. Thoracic segment three through abdominal seg: ment three largely blue except for scattered small pale spots and pale regions along the posterior edges of dorsum of abdominal segments one and two. Anterior and posterior margins of abdominal segment four with large oval dark areas. Anterior margin of fifth and all of sixth segment dark. Distal part of legs slightly darkened, remainder
16 Psyche March
of body pale. Head. Labial appendage with external dif- ferentiated seta slender, acuminate, reaching only two- thirds of the distance from base of seta to apex of same papilla. Labral papillae rounded. Fourth segment with apical pit, but no retractile bulb. Legs. Smooth setae on third pair of legs slightly curved. Tenent hair with clavate tip very flat and thin. Unguis with three or four internal teeth, basal pair large, remainder small to minute. Lateral teeth very large, basal in position and reinforced by heavy ridges. Empodial appendage triangular, strongly
o == G So — ” mo Cc oS = = 3 c a S oO rc) ro) o & - DO = : = = = WwW Labral ~\~— A haey. Yanan aX aval aun IY Apex of = Ain Ce | antenna ae, <a Internal lamellae — of unguis
(semi-diagrammat ic)
'lext-figure iL, Representation of the condition of various organs in the species of Mesentotoma and in Entomobrya marginata.
1956] Christiansen — Mesentotoma 17
excavate along inner distal surface. Dens and mucro. Dens basally with a number of short heavy ciliate setae, blunted apically. Mucro typical of genus. Clothing gen- erally as in genus Hntomobrya. Large flexed clavate setae with expanded apex unusually large and projecting. Small common setae covered with short cilia along one side.
Discussion: The “bow-like lamella” mentioned by Salmon requires further study before its taxonomic importance can be evaluated. I have found structures similar, if not identical, to it in many species of Entomobrya, but present in only a few specimens of large series. The short knob- like projections on the venter of the manubrium are clearly seen in the one specimen examined; however, the pos- sibility of their being artifact, combined with the com- plete lack of homologous structures in the Collembola, has caused me to leave them out of the description until further series are available for examination.
Distribution: New Zealand: Island Bay, Lyall Bay, Wellington (from bundles of seaweed).
Mesentotoma dollfussti (Denis) (New Combination) Figs. 1-7
Entomobrya dollfusst Denis, 1924. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.,
93e 5232.
Entomobrya nigrina Womersley, 1928. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., (10) 2: 68.
Entomobrya atrata Womersley, 1929. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., (10) 4: 304.
Color and pattern. Background color white to yellow, pigment blue to purple. Second and third antennal seg- ments apically darkened. Remainder of body with irregular pigmented bands and spots (see figures). Head slightly longer than broad. Labial appendage with external dif- ferentiated seta almost attaining level of apex of same papilla. Labral papillae truncate. Antennae with apical bulb of fourth segment bilobed, in a deep apical pit. Sense organ of third segment with two angled blunt thick setae, one conical guard seta. Second segment with two similar blunt setae more widely separated than those on third segment. Second segment with definite basal subsegment,
18 Psyche [March
weakly demarcated. Legs. Tenent hair well developed, with normal clavate apex. Empodial appendage strikingly truncate, with one inner lamella excavate apically. Unguis with normal four internal teeth, basal pair partially joined by an incomplete lamella. Mucro and genital plate. Mucro typical of genus. Male genital plate of twelve smooth setae. Basal seta pair flattened, blade-like, re- mainder slender, acuminate. Clothing. Small underlying setae conical and unilaterally ciliate, with short ciliations.
Discussion: There is considerable variation in the pat- tern of this species, as is shown by the figures; however, this is less striking than in many species of the genus Entomobrya. The external differentiated seta of the labial appendage may reach the apex of the same papilla. The truncate nature of the labral papillae is not always clear. The species has been taken from Southern France, Eng- land, and North Africa, but may be widely distributed and uncollected elsewhere.
Distribution: England: Lundy Island; France: Greve de Vert, St. Jean Doigt; North Africa: Oued Ykem.
Mesentotoma laguna (Bacon) (New Combination) Figs. 11-138 Entomobrya laguna Bacon, 1913. Jour. Ent. Zool. Clare- mont, Calif., 5:202-204. Bonet, 1934. Eos, 9:157. Essig,
1942. College Entomology, 83. Gisin, 1944. Verh.
Naturf. Ges. Basel, 55:71. ;
Color and pattern. Pigment gray-brown to gray-blue except for appendages which are always blue. Pigment generally distributed over body, except for mid-region of venter. Many small pale spots scattered over body.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1
Characteristic structures of the genus Mesentotoma. Figures 1-7 of M. dollfusi: 1-3, various patterns from France; 4, left mucro; 5, hind unguis and empodial appendage; 6, external setae of labial appendage; 7, half of male genital plate (basal seta to right). Figures 8-10 of M. exalga: 8, hind unguis and empodial appendage; 9, external setae of labial appendage; 10, right mucro. Figures 11-13 of M. laguna: 11, hind unguis and empodial appendage; 12, right mucro; 13, half of male genital plate (basal seta to right). All figures greatly enlarged.
Vou. 63, PLATE 1
~Psycue, 1956
CHRISTIANSEN — MESENTOTOMA
20 Psyche [March
Head with a double V-shaped pale mark running from the posterior corner of each eye to the mid-posterior head region. Irregular pale areas occur on the dorsum of the fourth segment, and all intersegmental membranes are pale. Antennae. Apex of fourth segment with four or five flat knobs. Largest setae of antennae clubbed and ciliate, similar to but shorter than clubbed setae of body. Second antennal segment with distinct subsegment or partial suture. Head. Labial appendage with external differentiated seta contracted only at apex. Apex not reaching apex of same papilla, and slightly wider than normal setae. Clothing. Large flexed clavate setae un- usually long (longest longer than antennae), with ex- panded tip produced into a slender filament.
Discussion: Only a few specimens were seen. The most striking variation concerns the color which varies from gray-blue to pale brown. The subsegment of the second antennal segment may be incomplete but at least part of the dividing suture is clearly visible in each case. The knobs at the apex of the fourth antennal segment may be very small or indistinct. Bacon illustrates an external tooth on the empodial appendage but this was not visible on any specimen in the series here examined.
Distribution: California: Palos Verdes (under sub- merged rocks) Laguna Beach (lower tidal zone, under rocks).
Acknowledgements
I wish to express my gratitude for the loan of material from the Dominion Museum of Wellington, New Zealand, and the private collections of Dr. Denis and Dr. Delamare Deboutteville of France. It was only the availability of this material which made this study possible.
FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN THE ANT RHOPALOTARIX BIROI SZABO
By EDWARD O. WILSON Biological Laboratories, Harvard University
Through recent work on the biology of the tribe Dacetini', it is now known that the members of this large, cosmopolitan group are generally predators which feed pri- marily on collembolans and secondarily on other soft- bodied arthropods. Most are slow-moving and rely on stealth and the trap-like action of their mandibles in securing their prey. It has been an open question whether other groups of ants morphologically convergent to the dacetines, such as the tribe Basicerotini and genera Myrmoteras and Stegomyrmex, show similar feeding be- havior. Exclusively tropical distributions, scarceness, and small colony size have made the study of living material in these groups prohibitively difficult in the past. I was fortunate, therefore, during a recent visit to New Guinea to be able to find and study in life the basicerotine species Rhopalothrix biroi.
This species was encountered in lowland rainforest in the vicinity of the lower Busu River, near Lae. Here it is relatively common, turning up regularly in soil-litter berlesates and as strays under rotting logs on the ground. As in other Rhopalothrix species I have collected, colonies were exceedingly difficult to locate. I found only one (my accession no. 987), occupying indistinct chambers about a quarter-inch below the surface in loose soil under a rotting log. The colony was uncovered and partly scattered by random scraping of the soil surface in search for other ants. Thirty-four workers, two males, and a quantity of pupae and all stages of larvae were retrieved. Colony cohesion was good, and there was no trouble in
1See Brown, W. L., 1953, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 46: 465-471; and Wilson, E. O., op. cit: 479-495.
21
AD} Psyche [Maren
getting the ants to move into the brood chambers of a small plaster-of-paris Janet nest. The worke~s had soon massed the brood and were back out foraging in the food chamber.
During the next several days the following small animals were introduced alive into the food chamber: nematodes (possibly confused with small enchytraeid annelids), mites, spiders, isopods, millipedes, symphylans, entomobryid and onychiurid collembolans, campodeids, homopteran and he- teropteran nymphs, fly larvae, beetle larvae and adults, and an adult minor worker of the ant genus Pheidole. The Rhopalothrix showed definitely neutral or aversive behavior toward the isopods, millipedes, onychiurid col- lembolans, beetle adults, and Pheidole. The nematodes, mites, and homopteran nymphs were completely over- looked or at least no definite reaction was recorded. One worker seized a cyclorrhaphan fly larva but was not able to subdue it. The remaining prey offered — spiders, sym- phylans, entomobryid collembolans, campodeids, and he- teropteran nymphs — were captured and then eaten by the workers or larvae or both. Of this last group, entomo- bryids were the most quickly captured, and this could be explained on the basis of their relatively small size and feeble strength. My observations are too limited to establish prey specificity within the accepted group, but I believe that entomobryids may have formed the principal dietary staple of the colony in nature, since these insects were far and away the most abundant and accessible arthropods in the vicinity of the nest. Otherwise, if any generalization is to be made about food preference, it is probably safest to say that this species of Rhopalothrix accepts a wide variety of soft-bodied arthropods and rejects other animals that are either hard-bodied or possess repugnant odors.
Hunting behavior of the observation colony was very similar to that we have seen in the short-mandibulate dacetines. The workers foraged with the same slow, de- liberate gait, but in addition punctuated by little total halts in the movement, one to three a second, making them appear to jerk along. On contacting potential prey
1956] Wilson — Rhopalothrix biroi 23
the ants “froze” in their movement, drew their antennae part way back (but not all the way against the head), and opened their mandibles maximally, that is, to the extent where the tips were about as far apart as the width of the clypeus. This was followed by a slow, cautious movement toward the prey. On one occasion a worker was seen to lunge and snap at an entomobryid immediately upon making contact, but careful stalking is probably the rule, as it is in the short-mandibulate dacetines.
Prey were carried into the brood chamber directly after capture; only once was a worker seen to feed on an entomobryid at the spot of capture. Captured animals were either left on the brocd chamber apart from the larvae, or else placed immediately among the larvae, which fed on it directly, ponerine fashion. The adults fed sep- arately or simultaneously with the larvae on the same animal, as I have observed many times in the dacetine genus Smithistruma.
While they behaved in an alert, aggressive manner toward potential prey, the Rhopalothrix reacted toward potential enemies, such as larger staphylinid beetles, by lowering the head, retracting the antennae entirely, and keeping the mandibles closed. One worker, knocked over by a beetle walking past, was seen to draw in all of its appendages and feign death.
The workers were very solicitous of the brood, wash- ing it and moving it about constantly. They were in fact more attentive in this way than any dacetine genera I have studied. Adult oral trophallaxis was observed twice; the workers faced one another and twisted their heads slightly sidewise to approximate mouthparts. The adults also licked one another’s bodies constantly. Once I saw a worker standing rigidly still, while a second worker curled around its upraised head and gave the mouth- parts, gula, and prosternum a thorough washing. Adult transport was observed once. The transporter gripped the transportee’s pedicel from below, while the transportee folded in its appendages pupal fashion. Later the trans- porter shifted its grip so that one mandible rested on the gaster.
A NEW SOUTHWESTERN SPECIES OF MALLOTA MEIGEN (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)!
By FRANK MONTGOMERY HULL University of Mississippi
I wish to thank Dr. Darlington and Dr. Bequaert for the opportunity to study the Syrphid material of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This new species is in the Museum collections.
Mallota bequaerti, n. sp.
A large species characterized by dense yellow pile on mesonotum and scutellum. The abdomen is entirely short, densely black setate, with the exception of the fourth segment which is short, golden red, appressed setate. This species is very distinct from other forms, including facialis Hunter, var. flavoterminata Jones, because of the presence of the large, distinct, subquadrate, dark brown spots on the middle of the wing and the presence of the rather widely separated eyes of the male. Length, about 16 mm.
Male. Head: eyes bare, the vertex is convex and shin- ing black with black pile; the ocelli lie in an equilateral triangle. The lateral margins of the vertical triangle, anterior and lateral to the ocelli, are striate. The eyes are separated by a distance at least equal to the space between the posterior ocelli. The front is shining black broadly down the middle and in front of the antennae, with the sides rather thickly dusted with pale yellowish pollen, which becomes more brownish medially; this leaves approximately the middle two-thirds of the front shining and bare, with the ground color black. The face is black, with a broad, shining, bare, medial stripe, its sides widely, silvery white micropubescent; pile of the face and front
Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College.
24
1956] Hull — New southwestern Mallota D5)
white. In profile the face is distinctly concave above the low tubercle; the cheeks are shining black. The first two segments of the antennae are black; the third segment distinctly wider than long and evenly rounded apically, a uniformly dark reddish brown color; the arista thickened, bare and entirely light brownish-yellow. Occiput black, densely covered with silvery pollen along the middle and below; this pollen begins near the upper third of the eye; the pile of the occiput is yellowish throughout, in- cluding long, dense, yellow pile immediately behind the vertex.
Thorax: the mesonotum is black, but is densely covered with light ochreous yellow pollen and thick, long, dense opaque, yellow pile, including the humeri and through- out the entire dorsum. The scutellum is subtranslucent ochreous yellow and covered with the same sulfur yellow pile; pleura black with thick, opaque yellow pile on upper portion of the mesopleura, which becomes sparse and scattered and less conspicuous on the ventral portion of the mesopleura and on the anterior and upper portion of the sternopleura. The pile on the posterior corner of the sternopleura and all of the pile of the pteropleura is black. Squamae subtranslucent brownish white; fringe brownish yellow; halteres yellow with dark brown knob.
Legs: all of the femora black or nearly so; in some lights the hind femora, towards the base, appear to be dark reddish sepia; the anterior and middle tibiae are nearly black, becoming more faintly dark brown near the base and apex; hind tibiae similarly colored, markedly flattened apically and distinctly arcuate. The pile of the femora and of the tibiae black, except along the anterior surface of the anterior tibiae, where the pile is yellow and there are a few yellow hairs along its posterior surface. All of the tarsi brown with black pile dorsally.
Wings: hyaline, with a strong, rather distinctly de- limited, large, subquadrate, sepia brown cloud situated in the middle of the wing; this spot encloses and covers the anterior margin, the whole basal half of the first posterior cell; the apical half of the first basal cell; the upper basal corner of the third posterior cell; the apex of the second
26 Psyche [March
basal cell and narrowly the posterior margin of the second basal cell. The costal cell is entirely pale brown, becom- ing darker towards the apex.
Abdomen: of the usual shape, except that it is perhaps somewhat more tapered posteriorly; it is quite broad basally and distinctly wider than the thorax and begins to rapidly narrow from the base of the second segment so that the shape is that of a short wedge-shaped triangle. The first, second and third segments are black or nearly so; in some lights close scrutiny suggests that the second segment and the third segment have a slight appearance of dark reddish sepia, which is almost black in color. The fourth segment is blackish basally, but becomes very dark mahogany reddish posteriorly; this is especially apparent when this segment is viewed from the rear; actually the fourth segment is also very dark and might be called black. The pile of the abdomen is dense, short, subap- pressed and black, but longer on the sides of the first and second segments; on the fourth segment it is ap- pressed, short, abundant and golden reddish in color. The lateral pile along the extreme margin of the third seg- ment is also golden. Hypopygium dark reddish brown with golden pile.
Holotype: male, Chisos Mts., Big Bend National Park, Texas; collected by J. Bequaert. I take pleasure in nam- ing this handsome species in honor of its collector.
NYMPHALIS VAU-ALBUM (SCHIFFERMULLER & DENIS), A HOLARCTIC SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)!
By NICHOLAS W. GILLHAM Biological Laboratories, Harvard University
The purpose of this paper is to show that Nymphalis j-album (Boisduval), long considered a distinct species by North American workers, really represents the Nearctic populations of a Holarctic species correctly designated as Nymphalis vau-album (Schiffermuller and Denis).
Nymphalis vau-album (Schiffermuller & Denis)
Papilio vau-album Schiffermuller & Denis, 1775. Ankiin- dung syst. werkes schmetterlinge Wiener gegend, p. 176; sex not specified. Type locality: “Wiener gegend’’.
Papilio N.[ymphalis|] Ph.[aleratus| L album Esper, 1781. Die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur be- schreibungen, 1 (Bd. 2): 69, pl. 62, contin. 12, figs. 3a & 3b; sex not specified. Type locality: Hungary and Austria.
V[anessa] j-album Boisduval & Leconte, 1833. Histoire général et iconographie Lépidoptéres Amérique septen- trionale, 1:185, pl. 50, figs. 1 & 2; sex not specified. Type locality: environs of New York, Philadelphia, and New Harmony, Indiana. NEW SYNONYMY.
Vanessa pocahontas Scudder, 1889. The butterflies of the eastern United States and Canada with special reference to New England, 1:379; proposed in synonymy with- out description, sex not specified.
Vanessa L. album samurai Fruhstorfer, 1907. Societas Entomologica, 22:60; 222, & 4484. Type locality: Hondo, Japan. NEW SYNONYMY.
Aglais j-album watsonit Hall, 1924. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.,
1Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College.
7M |
28 Psyche [March
SvASYIS In@lionnqoe G=seH56 6 ww BOE, Moe lowly: Sicamous, B. C., Canada. NEW SYNONYMY.
The name vau-album was proposed, together with several other names, in one very limited description by Schiffer- muller and Denis in 1775. In addition, there are no figures of the species given and this name could easily be considered a nomen nudum as Stichel (1909) has done. However, most of the other names in this volume were proposed in a similar vague fashion and many are presently in general use. Therefore, I have followed the example of Grey, Klots, and dos Passos (1952), as regards this publication, and am considering vau-album as_ validly proposed. Because of this, L-album Esper, 1781, falls as a direct synonym of vau-album on the basis of priority.
The names j-album Boisduval, watson? Hall, and samurai Fruhstorfer are synonymized. J-album and watsoni are the names applied to North American populations of vau- album. They differ from the Palearctic populations in that they average slightly smaller? and are more lightly marked along the outer margin of the upperside of the hindwing. These differences are very weak, however, and would probably break down completely when material covering the whole range of the species becomes available. In addition, a comparision of the male genitalia of speci- mens from the two areas failed to reveal any differences that were not attributable to individual variation.
The name samurai applies to populations from the easternmost portions of the Palearctic. This subspecies is supposed to be distinguished from nominotypical vau- album by the following characters: ¢ ¢ with richer black designs above and a distinct white band on the under- side of the hing wing, ¢@ @ more darkly marked below and along the basal edge of the hindwing above. These
2The measurement used as an index of relative size was the length of the costa from base to apex as measured with a vernier caliper. Measurements are given to the nearest millimeter and are as follows: Palearctic populations, ¢ ¢N = 12, Mean = 31 mm., Range = 27-33 mm.; @ 9N = 4, Mean = 32 mm., Range = 30-33 mm.; Nearctic population, @ ¢N = 19, Mean = 32 mm., Range = 31-55 mm.; o9 ON = 16, Mean = 33 mm., Range = 30-37 mm.
1956] Gillham — Nymphalis vau-album 29
distinctions are very minor and do not hold up when series are examined.
In the Old World this species ranges from southeastern Europe eastwards across Asia to Kamtchatka, Korea, and Japan. From there it ranges south to Assam and Kashmir. It is found over most of North America from Alaska and Labrador south to West Virginia and Utah (Gertsch, pers. commun.) .
LITERATURE CITED Grey, L. P., Kiots, A. B., and C: F. pos Passos. 1952. The “niobe/ cydippe/ adippe’ Problem (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera, Family Nymphalidae) with suggestions for its Solu- tion. Bull. Zool. Nomen., 6:322-336. SricHe., H. 1909. Genus Polygonia Hon. In Seitz, A., The Macrolepidoptera of the World, Stuttgart. 1 (the Palearctic Butterflies) :206-207.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF EMELINUS FROM ARIZONA (COLEOPTERA: ADERIDAE)!
By FLOYD G. WERNER University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
The two species of H’melinus described here bring the known species in our fauna to four. Others assignable to the genus have been described from Central and South America but, so far, none from the Old World. Since the last general work on Nearctic species of Aderidae, by Casey in 1895,” there has been only one significant publica- tion affecting our fauna, a reclassification on a World basis by Baguena Corella in 1948.2 Whereas neither Pic nor Champion felt that the genera set up by Casey could have more than subgeneric or species-group significance, Ba- guena Corella has made an effort to split up the huge and diversified assemblage of species already assigned to Xylophilus or Hylophilus, raising Emelinus not only back to generic rank but setting it off in a separate tribe, Emelinini. Baguena Corella also shows good reason for using the family name Aderidae, thus ending a triple tie for the names Euglenidae, Xylophilidae and Hylophilidae.
Baguena Corella’s definition of E’melinus restricts it to species with the head totally visible from above and with the male antennae flabellate from the fourth seg- ment. The two new species fit this diagnosis but differ in some details possibly of generic significance from EF. mel- sheimeri (Lec.) and EL. ashmeadi Csy. In these the anten- nae angle beyond the third segment in the male and the rami of segments six through ten originate near the apex of the segments. The two species from Arizona do
Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College.
2Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 8:772-809.
3“Hstudio sobre los Aderidae,” Instituto de Estudios Africanos, Madrid.
30
1956 ] Werner — New Arizona Emelinus Sil
not have the antennal angling and the rami all originate before or near the middle of the segments. Casey noted the angling in HF. ashmeadi but it was not mentioned by Champion in the Central American species, nor does it appear in his figures. It seems most likely that the two Arizona species are more closely related to those described from Central America than they are to melsheimeri and ashmeadi, the two species from which a genotype must be selected.
Both the species described below were collected by the author, in company with Dr. George D. Butler, Jr., in Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., huachucanus mostly below the “box” and butleri entirely about one-half mile above the “‘box.” The presence of both species was detected by random sweeping of vegetation alongside the path. In each case additional specimens were obtained by more intensive sweeping and examination where the first speci- mens were taken. All the butlerz specimens came from an area less than twenty feet across and mostly from maple leaves. Almost all the huachucanus came from a similar area, from leaves of a broad-leaved oak. Since both trees are widely distributed in the canyon, it seems likely that the small areas of abundance were in some way tied in with emergence of the adults from a very restricted habitat. Undisturbed individuals of both species appeared simply to be resting on the upper surfaces of the leaves; there was no sign of feeding of any kind.
Key to the Nearctic Species: Males
1. Antennae angled backward at apex of segment III; rami of antennal segments VI-X arising near apex of segments, of such lengths that the rami and segment XI form an almost evenly rounded series across their ends. Elytra with a variegated pattern of darker IMATE GINO See eye ih Mie tow tah ey enone). | bs egy: Antennae not angled at apex of segment III; all rami arising before middle of segments, almost uniform in length, not making a rounded series across their CHNGIS ° jy gy Quick Sas ek ee ae ee ee aA iO
By Psyche Lehane
2. Eyes almost contiguous in front .... EF. ashmeadi Csy. Eyes separated in front by 2/5 their maximum width Piel MAR Stel Renae ane on EH. melshermeri (Lec.)
3. Rami all less than 1/5 the total length of the antenna. Elytra brown, with a variegated paler pattern ih, Iie es Anes cue 01 any re EH. huachucanus sp.n. Some of the rami almost 2/5 total length of antenna. Elytra very dark brown, marked with reddish at the TR UANOT oe Hacac Ne coarse ee ene FE. butleri sp.n.
I have before me a single male of melsheimeri I col- lected in LaSalle Co., Illinois, June 29, 1938, and compared several years ago with the type in the LeConte collection. A male of ashmeadi collected at Gainesville, Florida, March 4, 1947, by H. V. Weems, Jr., has been loaned by Mr. C. A. Frost. What I take to be the female of this species is before me from Fairfax Co., Virginia, collected in June, 1923, by Mr. Quirsfeld, on loan from the Cornell collection.
It seems inadvisable to attempt a key to the females at this time, there being little to compare them with in other genera. The peculiar structure and pubescence at the base of the pronotum, as described under butleri, may be diagnostic of the genus. The female of ashmeadi has antennal segment II very sharply, obliquely truncate at base. In females of butlert and huachucanus segment II is simple. What appears to be still another undescribed species is represented by a single female from Sta. Rita Mts., Arizona, July 30, 1938, collected by D. J. & J. N. Knull. This is in most respects like the female of huachu- canus but has the elytra pale and has the eyes more deeply emarginate than the female of that species. The emargina- tion is almost ogival rather than rounded, as it is in huachucanus and butleri. This specimen is being returned to the collection of the Ohio State University.
Emelinus butleri sp.n
Very dark brown, the humeri of the elytra broadly rufous. Bases of legs pale. Sparsely and quite evenly clothed with short cinereous pubescence. Rami of male antennae short, all less than 2/5 as long as antenna and
1956 | Werner — New Arizona Emelinus Byes
quite even in length, only just perceptibly thickened apic- ally.
Holotype male: Length (based on length of head to front margin of eyes, plus length of pronotum and length of elytra) 3.65 mm.; maximum width of elytra ca. 1.1 mm. Antennae 2.10 mm., 0.57 as long as the body. Head suborbicular, deeply and evenly punctured, with moderately sparse, decumbent, cinerous pubescence. Length, to bottom margin of eyes, 0.56 mm.; width across eyes, 0.73 mm. Fronto-clypeal suture deep; clypeus and labrum more finely and sparsely punctured and pubescent than the rest of the head. Eyes deeply excavated for the antennae, 0.42 « 0.83 mm., separated from each other by 0.09 mm. A smooth border surrounds the eyes, somewhat widened behind. Last segment of maxillary palpi securiform, 0.24 « 0.14 mm. Last segment of the labial palpi, as in all the species treated here, oval and with a conspicuous membranous sensory area beneath.
Antennae very dark brown, with sparse, suberect pube- scence. Segment I is barrel-shaped; I1 short and stout, the dorsal the shortest side; III subcylindrical, slightly expanded at the apex; IV-x with dorsal rami, curved slightly toward the apex of the antenna, and slight ridges anteriorly near the apices. The ramus of IV originates near the base, of X just beyond the middle of the segment and there is a gradual transition in between. Segment XI has a knob 0.63 of the distance from the base, this knob most prominent posteriorly. Measurements (in relation to a total length of 1,000 units, from segment I to x1, length/ thickness): 99/46, 37/41, 109/37, 92/25, 86/25, 86/25, 86/25, 86/25, 86/22, 86/22, 236/55. Segment XI is slender at base, 23 units, gradually expanding to knob, 55, then abruptly contracting, with a short apical section 25 units wide. Rami (at same ratio) IV to x: 238, 308, 337, 326, 020, 295, 246. The individual rami are ca. 0.083 mm. wide at base, expanded feebly at apex to ca. 0.05 mm.
Pronotum subcampanulate, the effect accentuated by a tuft of several setae at the posterior angles. Length 0.65 mm., width 0.64 mm. Base slightly indented at middle,
34 Psyche anc
the indention flanked by a pair of feeble elevations on the disc. The pubescence is peaked posterior to these eleva- tions, leaving the slight median indentation free of setae. Surface shiny, densely and deeply punctured and sparsely, evenly pubescent, as on head. Scutellum truncate, densely punctured. Elytra almost parallel-sided, evenly, conjointly rounded behind, 2.44 mm. long, 0.87 mm. wide at humeri, ca. 1.1 mm. at widest. Basal 25%, except along suture, rufous. This zone is not sharply defined. Omoplate area slightly, conjointly elevated. Surface shiny, deeply punc- tured but not as densely as on pronotum, the middle of the punctures ca. 0.05 mm. apart. (On the disc of the pronotum they are ca. 0.03 mm. apart). All of the dorsal punctures have rounded bottoms. Pubescence correspond- ingly sparser, longer, about 0.09 mm. long, decumbent, all cinereous, not at all influenced by the ground color.
Underside dark brown, the coxae and trochanters, as well as the inner edge of the front and middle femora, paler. Suture between the first and second apparent abdominal sternites distinct all the way across. Posterior femora thickened beyond middle, ca. 2 times as thick as at base. First segment of the posterior tarsi 0.44 mm. long, the rest together 0.28; ratio of the first to the rest L4be Ik,
Allotype female: differs from the male most notably in the absence of rami on the antennae, also in the size of the eyes. Segments IV-X are truncate basally and apically, as in the male, but there is no sign of any projections in the places where the rami occur in that sex. These seg- ments are articulated anterior to the middle. The antennae are 1.66 mm. long, on a specimen 3.9 mm. in total length, or 0.43 the length of the body. The individual measure- ments (to a total length of 1,000 units) are: 129/61, 61/46, 109/42, 92/46, 84/46, 77/46, 77/48, 77/48, 77/48, 77/60, 138/77. It will be noted from these figures that segment XI is of more normal proportions than in the male, where XI appears, at first glance, to be just one more ramus on the flabellate antennae. The eyes are 0.44 mm. X 0.22 mm. and are separated by 0.22 mm. The posterior tarsi are
1956 | Werner — New Arizona Emelinus 35
slightly shorter than in the male. Segment I is 0.38 mm. long, the rest together 0.20 mm., the ratio of I to the rest iLw4bS Ike
Holotype male and allotype female: Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Arizona, July 12, 1955, F. G. Werner & G. D. Butler, deposited in the MCZ. 6 male and 1 female paratypes from the same locality, July 12 and 13, 1955, in the collections of the University of Arizona, the U.S. National Museum, California Academy of Sciences and the author. 1 male paratype Madera Canyon, Sta. Rita Mts., Arizona, July 31-Aug. 1, 1948, W. Nutting & F. Werner, in the collection of the author, and 1 female Mud Springs, Sta. Catalina Mts., Arizona, July 17-20, 1916, — 6,500’; being returned to Ohio State.
There is very little variation in the series, the length ranging from 3.3 mm. to 3.65 mm. in the males and 3.9 mm. to 4.8 mm. in the females. This species is named after Dr. George D. Butler, Jr., my collecting companion and colleague in the Department of Entomology.
Emelinus huachucanus sp.n.
Brown, the elytra paler in an obscure pattern as follows: an oblique zone on 2nd quarter of each elytron, approach- ing suture behind; a smaller zone at apical 3/4, transverse and extending approximately 1/3 across each elytron, nar- rowly and obscurely connected behind along suture to a small zone at apical 5th. Rami of male antennae short, almost uniform in length, all less than 1/5 as long as the antenna. Only E. breviramus (Champ.) approaches this condition and, if the illustration in the Biologia is correct, the longest ramus is 1/4 as long as the antenna in that species.
Holotype male: length 3.51 mm.; maximum width of elytra ca. 1.06 mm. Antennae 2.12 mm. long, 0.60 as long as the body. Head elliptical, 0.53 mm. long to front edge of eyes, 0.77 mm. wide across eyes. What little surface is not covered by the eyes is smooth, shiny, deeply and densely punctured, with moderately sparse, subdecumbent pubescence. Eyes very large, 0.50 « 0.42 mm., separated by only ca. 0.03 mm., deeply excised for the insertion of
36 Psyche [March
the antennae. Fronto-clypeal suture strong; clypeus and labrum with finer and sparser punctures and pubescence than rest of head. Last segment of maxillary palpi 0.26 x 0.14 mm. Details of antennal segments almost exactly as in butleri, except that the rami are of different proportions. Measurements (to a total length of 1,000 units) : 73/49, 36/36, 115/35, 85/27, 85/24, 91/23, 85/23, UW A2, SSAC, Sb/AU, WSA/42A, Ian, ieoma ny wo 2x2 IAL, 176, 182, 188, 182, 176, 158. Individual rami noticeably thickened apically, from ca. 0.02 mm. at base to ca. 0.04 mm. at apex. These figures are similar to those of butlera but the shorter rami here accentuate the thickening. Seg- ment XI is 24 units wide at base, gradually expanding to the knob, 42, at 0.6 of the way from the base, then con- stricts and tapers gradually to the apex. Pronotum very similar in detail to that of butleri, except that there is a pair of feeble impressions on the dise just anterior to the slight postero-median elevations, within the basal third. Details of scutellum and elytra likewise almost identical with butleri, except for the color pattern of the elytra. The punctures do not appear as distinct, because of the paler ground color. Pronotum 0.64 « 0.64 mm.; elytra 2.34 mm. long, 0.94 mm. wide at humeri, ca. 1.06 mm. at widest. Details of underside also much as in butleri, but thorax pale and legs, except coxae and tarsi, mainly dark. First segment of posterior tarsi 0.44 mm. long, rest to- gether 0.30 mm.; ratio of I to rest 1.48: 1.
Allotype female: The remarks about the comparison of male and female under butlert apply equally well here. On a specimen 3.3 mm. long the antennae are 1.37 mm. long, or 0.40 as long as body. The individual measure- ments of the segments (to a total of 1,000 units) are: 130/56, 75/47, 112/438, 94/51, 79/54, 69/54, 75/54, 75/58, 75/65, 75/66, 140/82. The eyes are 0.37 * 0.31 mm. and are separated by 0.18 mm. The first segment of the poste- rior tarsi is 0.41 mm. long, the rest together 0.24 mm., giving a ratio of the first to the rest of 1.68: 1.
Holotype male and allotype female: Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Arizona, July 12, 1955, F. G.
1956] Werner — New Arizona Emelinus 37
Werner and G. D. Butler, deposited in the Mcz. 102 male and 19 female paratypes from the same locality, July 12 and 13, 1955, in the collections of the McZ, University of Arizona, U.S. National Museum, California Academy of Sciences and the author. One female paratype collected in Huachuca Mts., Arizona, July 20, 1937, D. J. & J. N. Knull returned to Ohio State.
There is some variation in the extent of the pale mark- ings on the elytra, these being reduced to not much more than dots in some and broadened so that they are very conspicuous in others. Total length ranges from 2.8 to 3.7 mm. in the males and from 3.1 mm. to 3.8 mm. in the females.
SOME SYNONYMIES IN THE ANT GENUS CAMPONOTUS
By WILLIAM L. BROWN, JR. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
Ant specialists have long since “lost control” of the ants genus Camponotus Mayr. Somewhere between one and two thousand names of species, subspecies and varie- ties currently stand in the books, and the fifty or so Subgeneric names in use are probably not all familiar to any single pair of myrmecological ears. Small samplings of different parts of the world fauna, and the few larger works like Creighton’s book on the ants of North America, reveal that the taxonomy of the genus is in a very con- fused state. It appears that a great many, perhaps a majority, of the subspecies and varieties are straight synonyms, as are also a goodly percentage of the full species. Other varieties and subspecies are certainly good species in the biological sense, even though morphological differences separating them may be relatively weak in conventional terms. The job of revising Camponotus is probably too great for one man to attempt, even if any specialist were game enough to try, during a normal life span; there are just too many names to deal with. A piecemeal attack therefore seems to afford the best chance of reducing the genus to a reasonable number of species, a number small enough to attract revisers of the future. One class of synonymies especially should be published as soon as detected; I refer to the cases where types of two forms can be compared directly. At the Museum of Comparative Zoology, which now houses the largest and most complete collection of ants in existence, the con- stant accession of types by exchange, and examination of still others by loan, permits the certain detection of many obvious synonyms that would otherwise be very uncertainly identified from their descriptions. It seems wise to have such synonymies enter the published record as they are made, even if the record consists of short notes. If properly set up, such notes will be caught and listed, with their new synonymy, in the Zoological Record, and will thus become even more widely disseminated. Every certain
38
1956] Brown —.Camponotus 39
synonymy properly listed and justified is a further step toward the eventual fulfillment of a badly needed revision. Camponotus acvapimensis Mayr
Camponotus acvapimensis Mayr, 1862, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 12: 664, worker minor. Type loc.: Akwapim Mts., Gold Coast.
Camponotus akwapimensis (!) var. Poultont Forel, 1913, Rev. Zool. Afr., 2: 353, “female,” recte worker. Type loc.: Lagos, Nigeria. NEW SYNONYMY.
Camponotus (Myrmoturba) acvapimensis, Wheeler, 1922, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 45: 948, with var. poultoni, p. 949; synonymy and bibliography.
Camponotus (Myrmopyromis) flavosetosus Donisthorpe, 1945, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (11)12: 271, soldier, worker. Type loc.: near Flabo Falls, 1200 feet, British Togoland. NEW SYNONYMY.
This is one of the common ants in many parts of Equa- torial Africa. Variation at single localities, and even within colonies, extends to include Forel’s var. poultoni as he described it. I have examined a worker paratype of flavosetosus and found it an average acvapimensis example.
Camponotus testaceipes (F. Smith)
Formica testaceipes F. Smith, 1858, Cat. Hym. Brit. Mus., 6: 39, worker. Type loc.: King George Sound, Western Australia.
Camponotus (Myrmophyma) darlingtont Wheeler, October, 1934, Jour. R. Soc. W. Australia, 20: 160, workers max.. med., min.; female. Type loc.: Margaret River, Western Australia; nec C. (Myrmocladoecus) sanctaefider darling- tont Wheeler, November (!), 1934. NEw SYNONYMY.
Camponotus (Myrmophyma) rottnestt Donisthorpe, 1941, Ent. Mon. Mag., 77: 239, nom. pro C. (Myrmophyma) darlingtont Wheeler, 1934. NEW SYNONYMY.
Dr. E. O. Wilson has kindly compared types of C. testaceipes in the British Museum with syntypes of C. darlingtont (Margaret River series) sent to him from the Museum of Comparative Zoology; he judges them to be of the same species. This situation was previously thought to hold, even though Wheeler reported upon specimens he identified as the true C. testaceipes in the same paper in
40 Psyche [Staion
which he described darlingtoni. This species is quite
variable in color in Western Australia, where it is a com-
mon inhabitant of the sand plains paralleling the coast from Geraldton around to the country east of Esperance. Camponotus hartogi Forel
Camponotus Hartogi Forel, 1902, Rev. Suisse Zool., 10: 500, worker. Type loc.: Yarra Districts, Victoria, Australia.
Camponotus (Myrmosaga) ferruginpes Crawley, 1922, Ent. Mon. Mag., (3) 8: 125, worker major. me le, 2 Healesville, Victoria. NEW SYNONYMY.
The types of Crawley’s and Forel’s species come from the same general area to the east of Melbourne, and there seems little doubt that both descriptions apply to the same common species of black Camponotus with red legs found in this area by many collectors, including myself. The species occurs in and around the cool, rainy highlands of Victoria, New South Wales and southeastern Queens- land. It is abundant near the summit of Mt. Donna Buang (Brown) and on the Bogong High Plains (5600-6000 ft., F. E. Wilson leg.) in snow-gum and snow-grass woodland.
Camponotus whitei Wheeler |
Camponotus (Myrmosphincta?) whitet Wheeler, 1915, Trans. R. Soc. S. Australia, 39: 818, pl. 66, fig. 8, worker minor. Type loc.: Flat Rock Hole, Musgrave Ranges, S. Australia.
Camponotus (Myrmosaulus) scutellus Clark, 1930, Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, Melbourne, (n.s.) 42: 123, fig. 1, nos. 9, 10, workers maj., min. Type loc.: Tammin, W. Australia (by present selection). NEW SYNONYMY. Types of scutellus (MCZ) compare well with a series
of whiter determined by Wheeler, collected by A. M. Lea at Port Lincoln, South Australia. This curious little species ranges very widely in the arid and semiarid parts of the southern half of Australia. It is known from the Vic- torian mallee country (Sea Lake, leg. J. C. Goudie), from many parts of South and Western Australia, and from as far north as Alice Springs (Brown) in central Aus- tralia and Mullewa in Western Australia (W. M. Wheeler leg.).
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PSYCHE
A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
EsTABLISHED IN 1874
Vol 63 June, 1956 No. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A New Species of Myrmoteras from Ceylon (Hymenoptera: For- micidae), Gregg, R. E. : ; iis : i : ; . Al
A Synonym in the Genus Chrysopa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Adams, P. A. : : : : ; : 3 : 3 : . 45
Two New Species of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera), Lewis, F. B. 5 . 46 The Identity of Lordomyrma rugosa Clark, Brown, W. L. ; - 49
The First Species of Pamphantinae from Puerto Rico (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Slater, J. A. : ‘ : ; : ; ; . 60
Studies on the North American Representatives of Hphebomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Creighton, W. S. : ; : . 54
A New Genus and New Species of Chrysopidae from the Western United States, with Remarks on the Wing Venation of the Family (Neuroptera), Adams, P. A. ; ; : : : ; 67
The Relationship of Two African Tetramorium Species (Hymenop- tera: Formicidae), Brown, W. L. ; : : : . : Ae ts,
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Vol. 63 June, 1956 No. 2
A NEW SPECIES OF MYRMOTERAS FROM CEYLON
(HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)! By ROBERT E. GREGG Department of Biology, University of Colorado
Several specimens of a new ant belonging to the genus Myrmoteras were collected recently on the Island of Ceylon by Dr. Edward O. Wilson, and were sent to me for study and description.
Myrmoteras ceylonica sp. nov. Fig. 1
Worker: Length, 3.09 mm.; head length (excluding mandibles), 0.90 mm.; head index, 0.94; thorax length, 1.17 mm.
The head of this species is heavily granulate, except for the shining occiput, occipital flange, and gula, and recalls the condition of M. williamsi, but unlike the latter species in which the cephalic furrow is marked, ceylonica shows no more than an elusive trace of this furrow. In certain lights, a narrow, median line of reduced and more widely spaced granules permits the area to shine and thus give a faint resemblance to the groove of other species such as binghami, donisthorpei, williamst, or karnyt. M. ceylonica, therefore, belongs in that subdivision of the genus in which the head does not possess a median longitudinal furrow, or in which such a furrow is short and indistinct or nearly obsolete. Previously, only three species were found in this group, namely, mjoebergi, kemneri, and barbouri.
The new species may be distinguished at once from mjoebergi (3-5.6 mm.) by its smaller size (3.09 mm.) and
* Published with a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College.
Al
PPG poe Bey ‘aml’ aad
42 Psyche pune
by the heavy granulate sculpture of the head, for in the latter species the head, according to previous authors, is very smooth and shining. From barbouri (6.9 mm.), it may be separated by its much smaller size, by the pos- session of two distinct denticles between the last and the penultimate mandibular teeth, and by the presence of more or less longitudinal rather than transverse rugae on the mesonotum.
In the published keys to the species of Myrmoteras (Creighton, 1930; Wheeler, 1933; Gregg, 1954), the Ceylon specimens run easily to M. kemneri. Despite their ap- parent close relationship to this species, consideration of the structural details and size of kemnerit (6 mm.), and the wide distributional gap between the two, make it quite evident they represent different species. Although. the
Fig. 1. Myrmoteras ceylonica sp. nov. A. Right mandible. B. Profile of thorax and petiole.
author has not seen a specimen of kemneri, a study of the description and the figures given by Wheeler enable me to provide the following comparisons. The antennal scape in ceylonica surpasses the occipital corner by a distance equal to a little less than one-half its total length, while in kemneri the scape surpasses the corner by an amount equal to a little more than one-half its total length. Mandi- bular teeth in ceylonica number 11, not counting the minute ante-apical denticles, whereas there are 10 in
1956] Gregg — Ceylon Myrmoteras 43
kemnert. Further, the 5th, 7th, and 9th teeth in ceylonica are distinctly smaller than the ones with which they alternate, while in kemneri only the 8th appears to be smaller (Fig. 1). In profile, the dorsal surface of the pronotum is flat in the center and passes through distinct angles to slope both anteriorly and posteriorly, whereas in kemnert the pronotum shows an even and relatively low convexity from front to back. The mesothorax of ceylonica is short in side view, being almost quadrate, and with a flat dorsal contour that depresses slightly to the meso-epinotal suture. The same structure in kemneri is decidedly elongate and shallowly saddle-shaped with prominent mesonotal spiracles. The epinotum of ceylonica is about as high as it is long with an even curvature dorsally, while that of kemneri is very much longer than high and its dorsal contour arches upward to the rear. Probably the most distinctive feature separating these two ants is the petiole. In ceylonica the anterior and posterior peduncles are quite short, the scale is narrow antero-posteriorly, and high, with flat, nearly vertical front and rear surfaces; the crest is truncated and margined anteriorly and posteriorly with minute but definite ridges, which give the summit of the node an appearance of being depressed or concave. By contrast, in kemneri, the poste- rior peduncle is longer than the anterior, the anterior and posterior surfaces of the node are rounded and sloping, and the crest is evenly rounded in all directions.
Sculptural features of the head in the two species seem to be remarkably similar, as they are heavily granulate and give the surface a coriaceous and opaque appearance. The same condition is true of the pronota also, though this structure is a little more shining at least in ceylonica owing probably to the large size of the granules. The mesonotum and epinotum of ceylonica, unlike the smooth, opaque, almost sculpturless corresponding structures of kemneri, are furnished with pronounced rugae that are more or less longitudinal on the mesonotum, but very heavy and distinctly transverse on the dorsum of the epinotum. Rugae of the mesopleurae and epinotal pleurae are longitudinal but finer in texture. The interrugal
44 Psyche | [June
granules of all these areas are sparse, causing a general shininess of the regions despite their heavy sculpture. The surfaces of the petiole and the gaster are very shining and thus different from the dull aspect of these parts in kemnert.
In color, ceylonica does not appear to differ significantly from kemneri. The head and thorax are rich reddish brown, the petiole and gaster a bit lighter brown, and the mandibles, antennae, and legs yellowish to yellowish brown. Hairs pale yellow.
Holotype: worker (in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology).
Paratypes: two workers (one in the M.C.Z. and one in the author’s collection).
Type locality: Udawaddatekele Sanctuary, Kandy, Cey- lon; elevation 2000 feet; collected by E. O. Wilson, July 13, 1955, No. 1245.
Dr. Wilson has been able to supply a few natural history notes concerning Myrmoteras ceylonica. The workers were observed in second growth tropical evergreen forest, and were found to be foraging during daylight hours on the ground and over low herbaceous vegetation. They were said to be in the company of individuals of Tetramoriwum and Trigonogaster, and moved with about the pace of a Tetramorium caespitum. When they were disturbed, their mandibles were thrown open and seemingly “locked” at approximately 200°. :
In a previous paper (1954), I discussed the known limits of distribution of the genus Myrmoteras, and included a tentative map showing the supposed range of these ants. The present specimens and the new species which they represent, extend the distribution beyond the boundaries of the Indo-Malayan region to the Island of Ceylon. Such a pattern suggests that the genus may be represented in India, but until actual records showing this have been obtained, it is impossible to make such a claim. The northern-most localities for these ants at present are Tenasserim, Burma, and the Island of Hainan off the southeast coast of China.
1956] Gregg — Ceylon Myrmoteras 45
LITERATURE CITED
CreIcHToN, W. S. 1980. A review of the genus Myrmoteras. Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc.,
38 :177-192, 2 figs., 1 pl.
Grece, R. E. 1954. Geographical distribution of the genus Myrmoteras, includ- ing the description of a new species. Psyche, 61:20-30, 2 figs.
WueeEter, W. M. 1933. A new Myrmoteras from Java. Proc. New England Zool. Club,
13:73-75, 1 fig.
A SYNONYM IN THE GENUS CHRYSOPA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) —Banks described Chrysopa sperryt (Psyche 50:74-75) as differing from all other species of the plora- bunda section in lacking genal markings. An examination of the type (from Riverside, Calif., Sept. 7, 1940, 9°, Sperry: here designated lectotype), paratypes, and addi- tional material from Riverside disclosed every gradation from no genal marks to well-defined red ones. The type and all but one of the paratypes are faded or pale in- dividuals of Chrysopa comanche Banks 1938 (Can. Ent. 70 :119-120) ; sperryi is therefore a synonym of this species. One of the paratypes, collected at the same time as the others, is a faded male C. plorabunda californica Codq., which lacks the red on the cheeks, but has the black mark plainly visible. A long series of comanche from Sabino Canyon, Baboquivari Mts., Arizona, Sept., 1951 (L. M. Martin, Los Angeles County Museum) also shows every gradation between well-defined cheek markings and none at all; the holotype of comanche, from Laredo, Texas, has only the faintest trace of the red marks. These identifica- tions were made with the aid of male genitalic characters. — PHILLIP A. ADAMS, Harvard University.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF CERATOPOGONIDAE (DIPTERA)?
By FRANKLIN B. LEWIS
Forest Insect and Disease Lab. U.S. Dept. Agric., Forest Service, New Haven, Conn.
During an investigation of the bionomics and immature stages of the Ceratopogonidae, two new species were €n- countered. The purpose of this paper is to describe these insects.
Helea (Isohelea) serrata n. sp. Fig. 1
Description: Antennae dark brown, »cdicel black; vertex black; eyes barely touching. Tergum of thorax shiny black with faint bluish brown pruinescence; pleurae shin- ing black; scutellum black. Femora brownish, all tibia with yellow-white apices; tarsi whitish, claws unequal with small basal barbs. Wings milky-white; M2 broadly interrupted; costal vein light brown; radial cells with slight brownish infuscation; cell R1 longer than cell R2, cell R2 teardrop-shaped. Halteres with bases brownish, knobs white. Abdomen black-brown above with faint bluish pruinescence. Female resembles male in most re- spects, but has lighter legs. Tibial comb with six equally long spines, each about as long as tibial width at distal tip; five small spines between each two adjacant long spines; these small spines one half the length of the long spines. Male genitalia (Fig.. 1) large, basistyles about as broad as long, dististyles very short and slender. Parameres separated at base, fused distally and _ finally separated at very tip, these tips recurved. Aedeagus
1A portion of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the require- ments for the Doctor of Philosophy degree at the University of Con- necticut in 1955.
46
1956] Lewis — Ceratopogonidae — AT
broad, spatulate with sclerotized teeth on lateral margins of tip (Fig. 1, B). Dorsal inner processes small but longer than ventral inner processes. Ninth sternite small with a shallow excavation in middle. Apicolateral pro- cesses small and blunt.
Length: 1.4 mm.; wing 1.0 mm. x 0.5 mm.; female slightly larger.
Type Data: Holotype; male, Storrs, Conn., May 18, 1953 (F. B. Lewis) ; USNM type No. 62699, deposited in U.S. National Museum. Paratypes; male, Storrs, Conn., June 15, 1953 (F. B. Lewis) ; two females, Storrs, Conn., June 14, 1954 (F. B. Lewis); deposited in USNM, University of Connecticut, and author’s collections.
Comparative Notes: A small blackish species having a shiny black thorax and a dull black abdomen with brown- ish blue pruinescence. The wings are whitish. This species keys out to pruinosa in Wirth’s (1952)? key to the Cali- fornia species. Serrata resembles pruinosa Wirth closely but differs in the bluish cast, larger size, and unequal claws. The most outstanding difference is between the aedeagi of the two species. The toothed edges of serrata’s aedeagus is the best distinguishing character as it sep- arated the species from all others in the genus known to the author. The bluish cast will separate either sex from all known New England species.
Johannsenomyia smithi n. sp. Fig. 2 Description: Head black, eyes separated; vertex shining black; anten- nae brownish, pedicel shining black; flagellar hairs brown- ish-black. Dorsum of thorax shiny black with a thin covering of short light brown hairs, pleurae shining black. Fore and mid femora light brown with black apices, hind femora light brown on basal fourth, distal three-quarters dark brown. Hind tibia all dark; hind tarsi light with dark apices. Claws equal and unbarbed. Wings hyaline,
? Wirth, W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. Univ. Cal. Pub. Ent., 9(2) :95-266.
48 Psyche [June
M2 sessile; two distinct radial cells. Abdomen dark brown. Tibial comb with five long equal spines shorter than tibial width at distal tip. Small spines one quarter the length of the long spines. Male genitalia (Fig. 2) with ninth sternite deeply excavated; basistyles long and slender with sharp medially pointing inner processes very large; disti- styles small, slender, and sharp-pointed. Ninth tergite blunt and truncated with large lobe-like apicolateral pro- cesses each with a small lateral lobe at the base. Parameres fused to distal third, tips separate and knobbed. Aedeagus broad, sclerotized along lateral margins, tip with laterally produced lobes forming a cresent-shaped tip. ,
Length: 1.7 mm.; wing 1.5 mm.x1.0 mm. Female un- known.
Fig. 1. A. Ventral view of male genitalia of Helea (Isohelea) serrata n. sp. B. Aedeagus. Fig. 2. Ventral view of male genitalia of Johann- senomyia smithi n. sp.
Type Data: Holotype; male, reared from pupa, Oxford, Conn., June 4, 1954 (F. B. Lewis), USNM type No. 62698, deposited in U.S. National Museum, Paratypes; two males, same data as holotype, in University of Connecticut and author’s collections.
1956] Lewis — Ceratopogonidae 49
Comparative Notes: A blackish species with shiny black thorax and legs brownish with black knees. The speci- mens were taken from a small brook-fed bay on a large lake. The water was still and algae-choked. This species resembles Johannsenomyia syblae Wirth from California, but differs in the details of the male genitalia. The genitalia easily separate this species from any known New England species. This species is named for Dr. Howard W. Smith in appreciation of his continued advice and help during the author’s study.
THE IDENTITY OF LORDOMYRMA RUGOSA CLARK. — Through the courtesy of Curator Elisabetha Bajari of the Hungarian National Museum, I have been able to examine the type of Dacryon christae Forel (1907, Ann. Mus. Nat Hungar., 5: 16, worker: type loc., Botany Bay, Sydney, New South Wales) and to compare it with nidotypes and topotypes of Lordomyra rugosa Clark (1934, Mem. Nat Mus. Vic- toria, Melbourne 8: 38, pl. III, figs. 3, 4, worker, female: type loc., Ferntree Gully, Victoria) and with a worker and female from Como, New South Wales (J. Freeland). All of these samples appear to represent a single species. The type is a rather small example, with a relatively slightly narrower head (head L, including clypeus, 0.92 mm., head width without eyes 0.82 mm.), but in other ways agrees perfectly with the rugosa types. Lordomyrma rugosa must therefore be considered as a NEW SYNONYM of Dacryon christae. This species varies appreciably in depth of color, length of propodeal and petiolar teeth, and coarseness of sculpture. At Ferntree Gully, Victoria, where I collected the species, it nested in small colonies (40-50 workers, one queen) under stones in grassy-floored sclero- phyll forest of the intermediate moisture type. The adults feign death when disturbed. — W. L. BRowNn, JR., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
THE FIRST SPECIES OF PAMPHANTINAE FROM PUERTO RICO (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)
By JAMES A. SLATER
Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
The subfamily Pamphantinae was erected by Barber & Bruner (1933) with Pamphantus Stal as type genus. Prior to that time only three species were known, all from Cuba. Barber & Bruner described a new genus, Neopamphantus, also from Cuba, and recorded a new species, Pamphantus atrohumeralis, from Haiti. Barber has recently (1954a) described a remarkable new Cuban genus, Abpamphantus and in the same year (1954b) a second new genus, Parapamphantus, from Brazil, this latter representing the first occurrence of the subfamily outside of the West Indies.
The new species described in the present paper is the first species known from Puerto Rico and adds an addi- tional island to the distribution of this essentially Carib- bean group.
Pamphantus pellucidus, new species
‘Macropterous male: Surface shining; coloration pale testaceous throughout, lacking dark dorsal markings; ter- minal one-half of fourth antennal segment dull brown; eyes and ocelli bright red; body very sparsely clothed with scattered upright hairs.
Head non-declivent, vertex with a narrow, sharp median longitudinal carina, first antennal segment extending be- yond apex of clypeus for one-half its length, head strongly contracted behind eyes, length head .60 mm., width across eyes .70 mm., interocular space .40 mm.; pronotum elon-
50
1956] Slater — Puerto Rico Pamphantinae 51
gate, nearly as long as wide and only slightly narrow- ing anteriorly, lateral margins sinuate and narrowly earinate anteriorly, surface punctate except in area of ealli, lacking a well defined transverse constriction, length pronotum .75 mm., basal width .80 mm.; scutellum punc- tate, lacking a median carina, length .30 mm.; hemelytra strongly expanded on posterior two-thirds along corial margin, claval commissure well developed, length .45 mm.; apical margin of corium straight, distance apex clavus- apex corium .85 mm., distance apex corium-apex abdomen 75 mm., membrane not quite attaining apex of abdomen; labium attaining mesocoxae, basal segment extending poste- riorly halfway to base of head, second segment exceeding base of head by one-half its length, length labial segments iee2o mm. Il, 58 mm., Ill, 360 -mm., 1V, .32 mm.;. femora not incrassate, devoid of spines or teeth; antennae elongate, first segment rather stout, fourth fusiform, length anten- nal segments I, .25 mm., II, .72 mm., III, .62 mm., IV, .85 mm. Total length 3.75 mm. ,
Brachypterous male: Smaller (total length 3.15 mm.), head somewhat more declivent, posterior pronotal lobe markedly reduced; hemelytra reduced to a pair of heavily punctured truncate pads with a very narrow terminal rim of membrane, clavus and corium indistinguishably fused, hemelytra extending caudad onto third abdominal tergite, posterior margin of tergites four and five curving caudad mesally (as in Geocoris), anterior abdominal sterna incompletely fused, connexivum prominent and up- curved; labium reaching metacoxae.
Holotype: Macropterous male. PUERTO RIco: El Yunque, 3,000 ft., May 1938, Darlington. In Museum of Compara- tive Zoology (Harvard). Paratype: Brachypterous male. PUERTO Rico: Ensenada, June 14-19, 1915. In American Museum of Natural History.
This species is related to Pamphantus pallidus Barber & Bruner from Cuba. It differs primarily in not possessing spined and incrassate fore femora, in the complete lack of fuscous color markings on the dorsum and in the greater relative length of the fourth antennal segment. In jpel-
52 Psyche ee
lucidus the length of the fourth antennal segment is slightly greater than the width of the pronotum (85:80) whereas in pallidus the antennal length is considerably less (60:80).
This is the only known occurrence of marked brachyptery in the genus Pamphantus, although both Abpamphantus and Parapamphantus were described from brachypterous specimens. In fact the non-spinous fore femora (unique in the genus) and the presence of a median vertex carina are suggestive of Parapamphantus. However, in most re- spects the species is related to Pamphantus. There seems to be little value in establishing an additional genus for the species at the present time when a moderate expansion of the present generic concept of Pamphantus will prob- ably more accurately reflect the systematic picture.
The posteriorly curving fourth and fifth abdominal tergites support the geocorine relationship of the pam- phantines as noted by Barber & Bruner.
The brachypterous paratype has the right antenna missing and the left is oligomerous with three segments present.
Check List of the Pamphantinae ABPAMPHANTUS Barber 1954.
1. gibbosus Barber 1954 (Abpamphantus) Cuba NEOPAMPHANTUS Barber & Bruner 1933.
1. calvinot Barber & Bruner 1933 (Neopamphantus)
Cuba 2. maculatus Barber & Bruner 1933 (Neopamphantus) Cuba PAMPHANTUS Stal 1874. 1. atrohumeralis Barber & Bruner 1933 (Pamphantus) Hispaniola
2. elegantulus Stal 1874 (Pamphantus) Cuba
3. mimeticus Barber 1926 (Pamphantus) Cuba
4. pallidus Barber & Bruner 1933 (Pamphantus)
Cuba 5. pellucidus new species Puerto Rico 26. stenoides Guerin 1857 (Lygaeus; Pterotmetus) Cuba
7. vittatus Bruner 1932 (Pamphantus) Cuba
1956] Slater — Puerto Rico Pamphantinae 53
PARAPAMPHANTUS Barber 1954. 1. braziliensis Barber 1954 (Parapamphantus) Brazil
Acknowledgements
My sincere thanks are extended to Drs. Mont Cazier and Herbert Ruckes of the American Museum of Natural His- tory and Drs. P. J. Darlington and W. L. Brown of the Museum of Comparative Zoology for allowing me the privilege of examining material from their respective in- stitutions.
LITERATURE CITED Barser, H. G. 1954a. The family Lygaeidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) of the Island of Cuba and the Isle of Pines— Part II. Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. INaita 2231 330-008. 1954b. Some neotropical “Lygaeidae”. Rev. Brasil Biol. 14: 215-224. Barser, H. G. anp S. C. BRUNER 1933. A new subfamily of Lygaeidae, including a new genus and two new species of Pamphantus Stal .(Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Lygaei- dae). Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 41: 531-542.
STUDIES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVES OF HPHEBOMYRMEX (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
By W. S. CREIGHTON Department of Biology, City College, New York.
Pogonomyrmex (Ephebomyrmex) wmberbiculus was de- scribed by W. M. Wheeler in 1902 and seven years later he added the descriptions of pima and townsendi. Since that time there has been surprisingly little additional in- formation published on these interesting ants. What has appeared has consisted largely of locality records, but few of these have added much to our knowledge of the ranges of these insects. It is gratifying to be able to present a more complete picture of the distribution of our representatives of EXphebomyrmex, particularly since this clears up certain questions related to the taxonomic status of townsendi. It has also been possible to expand Wheeler’s account of the habits of wnberbiculus, for it appears that these same habits are true of pima also. In past years the writer has been able to study 53 colonies of Ephebomyrmex at 40 stations. This study has shown that the ranges of both imberbiculus and pima are much more extensive than was formerly supposed. It has also shown that townsendi is a synonym of imberbiculus.
Wheeler described townsendi in 1909 (1) on the basis of a single specimen from Chihuahua. It is hard to avoid the suspicion that one of Wheeler’s reasons for giving townsendi specific status is the fact that the type specimen came from Mexico. Certainly the structural features which distinguish townsend: from imberbiculus are not particularly impressive. They consist mainly of the sculp- ture of the postpetiole and the first gastric segment. Wheeler believed that in imberbiculus the postpetiole is
54
1956] Creighton — Ephebomyrmex 55
so feebly rugose as to be almost smooth and is marked only by scattered patches of punctures. In this same species the dorsum of the first gastric segment was said to be smooth and shining and without basal punctures. In townsendi, on the other hand, both the postpetiole and the dorsum of the first gastric segment were de- scribed as completely covered with fine, dense punctures and opaque. Wheeler also claimed that in general town- sendi is more opaque than imberbiculus. Olsen accepted townsendt as a separate species in 1934 (2) but the writer in 1950 (8) treated it as a subspecies of imber- biculus. At that time there was little material of town- sendi available but, since it was still the only member of the subgenus known from Mexico, it could be regarded as a southern race of iwmberbiculus. It is now clear that such a treatment is erroneous. As material began to accumulate it became apparent that imberbiculus occurs much further south in Mexico than does townsendi and that the latter form occurs at random, principally in the northwestern portion of the range of wmberbiculus. The writer has taken colonies wnicn agree well with the type of townsendi in northern Sonora and at three stations in southern Arizona. In these specimens both the post- petiole and the basal two-thirds of the dorsum of the first gastric segment are densely and evenly covered with small, close-set punctures which render the surface opaque or nearly so. These specimens can, without any diffculty, be assigned to townsendi, but this is not true of others which are intermediate in character. One nest from northwestern Chihuahua has the gastric punctuation limited to the anterior third of the segment. Another large colony from southeastern Arizona shows some in- dividuals without gastric sculpture and others with only a small area of sculpture immediately adjacent to the postpetiole. In both these colonies the sculpture of the postpetiole is like that of townsendi. After it was ap- preciated that the supposedly definitive features of town- sendi vary, a reexamination was made of all specimens previously assigned to wmberbiculus. This established the
56 Psyche iene
surprising fact that in most of the longer nest series there were a few workers which had a dull, densely punctate postpetiole like that of townsendi. In _ short, there is no constancy in the sculptural characteristics which were used as the basis for the recognition of townsendt. The case offers a close parallel to that of Olsen’s salinus, a species which was also based on a single specimen which had a densely sculptured gaster. M. R. Smith has recently shown (4) that salinus is a synonym of occidentalis, being nothing more that an in- consequential variant which occurs in certain nests at the western end of the range of that wide-spread species. It appears that we must take the same stand with town- sendi. Since townsendi is nothing more than a minor variation which occurs at random over a part of the range of imberbiculus, it is best treated as a synonym of imberbiculus.
Presented below is a list of the stations at which iwmber- biculus and pima have been taken. The previous records for townsendi are included with those for iwmberbiculus. Where possible elevational data for the older records have been supplied from topographic sheets. The writer is aware of the difficulties inherent in this method, but the stations so treated were in areas which left little doubt as to the elevation involved. The records for which no collector’s name is given are those of the writer. Elevational data for these stations were secured from . altimeter readings at the station, which were checked then or later against topographic sheets.
Pogonomyrmex (Ephebomyrmex) iwmberbiculus Wheeler: CALIFORNIA: Yaqui Well, Anza Desert State Park (14007).
ARIZONA: Kofa Mountains, Palm Canyon (1600’); Ajo Mountains, Alamo Canyon (2300’); Santa Rita Moun- tains, mouth of Madera Canyon (4800’) ; Tucson (2400’) W. M. Wheeler; Pinaleno Mountains, Fort Grant (4800’) Cornell Univ. Exped.; Whetstone Mountains, Dry Canyon (5000’) ; Huachuca Mountains, Garden Canyon (5800’) ; Safford (3000’).
1956] Creighton — Hphebomyrmex D7
SONORA: Divisadora de Leon, 23 miles north of Hermo- sillo (1200’).
New Mexico: Aden (4300’) W. M. Wheeler; Animas Mountains, San Luis Pass (5400’) ; Lordsburg (4200’) ; Alamogordo (4300’) G. von Krockow. The ten records which follow are those of A. C. Cole: Dillia (52007) ; 25 miles east of Bernardo (5950’); 18 miles southeast of Bayard (6000’) Malpais Lava Beds, near Carrizozo (5400’) ; 8 miles west of Alamogordo (5800’); 6 miles northwest of Deming (4550’); 20 miles north of Ber- nardo (6550’); 7 miles west of Socorro (7000’); 12 miles west of Hope (5200’); 23 miles north of Las Cruces (4500’).
CHIHUAHUA: Sierra de en Medio, Nogales Ranch (5000’) ; 6 miles south of Gallego (5100’) ; 7 miles north of Chi- huahua City (4700’); 15 miles west of General Trias (5600’) ; Ojo del Cerro Chilicote, C. H. Townsend.
DURANGO: 17 miles south of Rodeo (5500’) ; 5 miles west of Durango (6300’).
COAHUILA: Sierra de la Muralla, 46 miles south of Mon- clova (4000’) ; 24 miles east of Ramos Arizpe (4600’).
TEXAS: 10 miles west of Sierra Blanca (4500’) ; Chinati Mountains, Arsarca Canyon (4800’) ; Chisos Mountains, Burnhams Ranch (4000’) ; Davis Mountains State Park (5000’); Ft. Davis (4700’) W. M. Wheeler; Alpine (4500’); San Angelo (1850’) W. M. Wheeler; Pyote 2600’); Langtry (13800’) W. M. Wheeler; Del Rio (950’) W. M. Wheeler; Juno, Cornell Univ. Exped.; Austin, Mt. Barker (640’) TYPE LOCALITY W. M. Wheeler.
OKLAHOMA: Wichita National Forest, W. Fisher; Harmon County, W. Fisher.
Pogonomyrmex (Ephebomyrmex) pima Wheeler:
ARIZONA: 5 miles south of Wickenberg (1800’); Tempe (1100’) W. M. Wheeler; Phoenix (1100’) W. M. Wheeler ; Florence (1500’) W. M. Wheeler; Casa Grande (1500’)
58 Psyche — uci
W. M. Wheeler; 8 miles north of Casa Grande (1500’) ; 5 miles east of Aguila (2200’); 20 miles east of Gila Bend (2700’); Organpipe Cactus National Monument, Headquarters (1600’), Dripping Spring (1700’), Abra Wash (13800’), Quitobaquito (900’); Tucson (24007) TYPE LOCALITY W. M. Wheeler; Bowie (38750’) W. M. Wheeler; Continental (2900’) no collector.
SONORA: 10 miles south of Sonoyta (1400’) ; 5 miles south of Santa Ana (2500’); Puerto Gonzalitos (2500’); 10 miles south of Hermosillo (700’); 338 miles north of Guaymas (500’); 15 miles north of Guaymas (100’); 5 miles south of Peon (sea level).
I have omitted from this list the extraordinary record
for pima carried by Olsen (2) in his 1934 study of Pogo- nomyrmex. Among the Arizona stations Olsen gave “Mt. Lemmon, South Catalina Mts., 8000-9150 feet.”’ Mt. Lem- mon is the main peak in the Santa Catalina Mountains just north of Tucson and has a height of 9185 feet. The writer has collected there on several occasions and can state that there is scant likelihood that pima could occur above the 3000 foot level. That it could live above the 8000 foot level is out of the question. Above 8000 feet Mt. Lemmon supports a fairly heavy stand of conifers. At its higher levels Mt. Lemmon is certainly not the place where one would expect to find a strict xerophile such as pima. It is possible that the specimens on which Olsen’s record was based were winged forms, carried by updrafts to the crest of Mt. Lemmon. But if they were workers it is evident that the specimens were incorrectly labelled as far as elevation is concerned. It also seems probable that the record from Bowie, attributed by Olsen to pima, is actually imberbiculus. As may be seen from the foregoing list, all other records for pima come from stations below 3000 feet and well to the west of the latitude of Bowie.
By comparing the locality lists for tmberbiculus and pima it is easy to appreciate that the former species is decidedly more adaptable. The lateral range of imber-
1956] Creighton — Ephebomyrmex 59
biculus exceeds that of pima both east to west and north to south. The vertical range of wmberbiculus is almost twice as great as that of pima, for although imberbiculus does not descend to sea level, as pima does, it is capable of reaching levels above 6000 feet, while pima rarely reaches the 3000 foot level. The more restricted range of pima makes it easy to place that species in the Sonoran Desert biotic association as defined by Shreve (5) but no such single association is possible in the case of wnber- biculus. Most of the middle of the range of wmberbiculus lies in what Shreve calls the Chihuahuan Desert, a biotic association found on the Mexican plateau and adjacent portions of west Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. But it is scarcely possible to consider the stations in central Texas and Oklahoma in this category and those in western Arizona, Sonora and California are clearly in the Sonoran Desert association. It thus appears that the distribution of wmberbiculus spans at least three different biotic areas.
It is interesting to contrast the distribution of wmber- biculus and pima with that of Novomessor cockerellt and albisetosus, since the latter two xerophiles occur in many of the stations where E'phebomyrmex is present. The writer has attempted to show (6) that the distribution of our two species of Novomessor is largely determined by their response to elevation. There can be no doubt that elevation is also a highly important factor in the case of wmberbiculus and pima. The response of imber- biculus to elevation is very similar to that of N. cockerelli hence it is not surprising to find that the two species occur together over a very large area from western Texas to western Arizona and south along the Mexican plateau as far as Durango. With certain restrictions this range is true of N. albisetosus also. But pima behaves in an entirely different fashion. Its distribution is limited to Arizona and Sonora and in those states it occurs only in stations of low to moderate elevation. It is hard to escape the conclusion that this behavior is a result of the different elevational range possessed by pima. Since the upper limit of this range appears to be in the neighbor- hood of 3000 feet it follows that pima would, on this
60 Psyche Ednre
basis alone, be unable to utilize stations on the Mexican plateau or similar areas to the north of it. I do not for one moment maintain that elevational range is the only factor that restricts puma to the Sonoran Desert region but it would surely seem to be one of the more important factors which go to determine this range.
I wish now to consider the habits of imberbiculus and pima. It is much to be regretted that Wheeler did not content himself with the excellent account of the habits of wmberbiculus which he published in 1902 (7). All the nests on which Wheeler’s original account was based were found under stones and each nest contained very few workers. Beneath the stones Wheeler discovered small chambers containing unhulled seeds and others full of brood. When transferred to artificial nests the imber-
biculus workers made no effort to utilize the seeds as °
long as they were supplied with insect food. But when the supply of insect food was cut off the workers hulled the seeds and not only ate them but also fed pieces of them to the larvae. Wheeler was soon aware (8) that his original nests of amberbiculus had been exceptional in that they were built under stones, for he discovered other colonies at San Angelo, Texas, where the nests were free in the soil and surmounted by small craters. But it may be said that at the start Wheeler presented a very accurate picture of the nesting habits of iwmnber- biculus. It is, therefore, difficult to explain why he obscured this picture in 1910 (9) by grouping imber- biculus and pima with other species of Pogonomyrmex with which they have little or nothing in common. In his celebrated volume Ants (page 283) Wheeler makes the following observation:
“1. P. subdentatus, apache, sancti-hyacinthi and deser- torum and Ephebomyrmex imberbiculus, townsendi and puma. These are small species confined to the deserts of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Californa and northern Mexico. Their colonies are always insignificant and widely scattered, comprising only a few individuals. The nests are small, obscure craters, 10-20 cm. in diameter and a
1956] Creighton — Ephebomyrmex 61
few centimeters high. The workers make no attempt to cut down the surrounding vegetation which often grows on the crater immediately around the entrance.”
It is hard to see what Wheeler had in mind here. Neither subdentatus nor apache (or its synonym sancti-hyacinthi) are small species. Indeed the major worker of apache is one of our largest species, being surpassed in this respect only by the major of badius. While the number of individuals in a nest of apache is small, there is ordinarily no crater nor disc around the nest entrance and this paucity of excavated material is, as Cole has recently shown (10), one of the characteristics of this species. The colonies of subdentatus ordinarily contain at least 500 individuals and this species usually constructs a ragged disc of gravel, not a crater, around the nest entrance. The nests of desertorum, while less populous than those of subdentatus, are far larger than those of imberbiculus and pima, and the coarse, flattened gravel mounds which desertorum customarily makes are wholly unlike the delicate craters constructed by our represent- atives of Hphebomyrmex. I mention these inconsistencies because it is certain that they have obscured Wheeler’s original clear-cut presentation of the habits of wmberbiculus.
As far as the writer has been able to determine the habits of wmberbiculus and pima are so similar that a single account will cover both species. On rare occasions these ants will nest beneath stones but in most cases they build their nests without any covering object. The soil selected is always hard-packed and usually of a rather fine, sandy texture. There is a single, small nest entrance not more than 3 or 4 mm. in diameter, and the passages which lead from it are equally delicate. The storage chambers are small. Both the storage chambers and the passages collapse very easily if the nest is excavated and this makes it unusually difficult to trace them. The only practical method for doing so that the writer has found is to excavate the nest very gradually and allow time between excavations for the workers to reopen the caved-in passages. If three or four days can be devoted
62. Psyche [ome
to the process it is possible to follow the passages to their ends. There are usually not more than three or four of them and the length of any passage seldom exceeds five inches. The soil brought to the surface by the ants is usually very fine and the crater formed from it is easily dispersed by rain or wind, hence many nests are without a crater much of the time. Most of the craters measured by the writer were 214 inches or less in diameter. There are seldom more than 75 workers in a nest. The average number seems to be about 50. The workers store both seeds and the remains of other insects, especially other ants. In view of the lack of pugnacity of our species of E’phebomyrmex it seems safe to assume that such stores of insect remains are secured by scavenging rather than by attacks on living victims. Seeds are stored un- hulled and several sorts are accepted. One colony kept in an artificial nest preferred white clover seed to grass seed. The slow hulling of the seeds prevents the forma- tion of a chaff pile for the hulls, which are discarded out- side the nest entrance, are dispersed before they can accumulate into a chaff pile.
As Wheeler noted, it is unusually difficult to secure sex- ual forms. Since he observed a marriage flight of wmber- biculus near Deming, New Mexico, on July 12th (18), and since the writer secured a colony of imberbiculus containing callow males and females in the Davis Moun- tains of Texas on May 25th, it might be expected that alates would ordinarily be present in the nests of this species during the month of June. Actually this is seldom the case and as imberbiculus, like many xerophilous ants in the southwest, apparently holds its marriage flight shortly after the onset of the summer rains in early July, the absence of alates in many nests during the month of June may mean that imberbiculus produces sexual brood only in especially favorable years. The pupal males and females show a surprising capacity for moving their ap- pendages prior to transformation. The workers fail to remove all of the pupal exuviae from the alates when the latter transform, and the patches of pupal casing
1956] Creighton — Ephebomyrmex 63
which adhere to the newly emerged males and females give them the appearance of a person peeling after a bad case of sun burn. Wheeler calls these ants “timid” but perhaps it would be better to describe them as docile. They do not seem particularly frightened when they are disturbed and they make little effort to escape and none to sting. The writer has picked up hundreds of speci- mens and has yet to be stung by one of them. This seems rather curious, since these ants are provided with a power- ful sting, despite their small size. The sting is fully two- thirds as long as that of the smaller workers of barbatus, a species which stings atrociously, and certainly the pre- sumption would be that wmberbiculus and pima could use their stings effectively if they chose to do so. These ants forage at least ten months a year and probably, in a mild winter, all year long. When foraging they move at a slow but steady gait. They usually forage singly.
There follows the description of the female of imber- biculus, which has not hitherto been described or figured: The features cited in this description are those which could not be shown in the figure:
- 2 BS
Y, a
Fig. 1. Female of Pogonomyrmex (Hphebomyrmex) wmberbiculus Wheeler. Length of head (mandibles excluded) 1.2 mm.; length of thorax 1.75 mm.; overall length 4.5- 5 mm. The sides of the head behind the eyes slightly narrowing toward the occiput. Occipital border slightly concave in the middle. Middle of the clypeus scarcely projecting beyond the two prominent teeth which stand in front of the
64 Psyche [June
antennal fossae. Mandibles armed with five prominent teeth which decrease in size from the apical tooth inward, and a single much smaller tooth at the angle between the masticatory margin and the inner margin. The anten- nal scape in repose reaches the level of the lateral ocellus. Base of the scape with a conspicuous flange. Frontal lobes rather narrow in front, only slightly divergent behind and not projecting much above the antennal fossae. Frontal area large and crossed by a single median ruga. Clypeus with five longitudinal rugae. Color, when alive, a deep, ferrugineous red which fades to an orange red as the specimen dries.
Gynetype: a female from Arsarca Canyon, Chinati Moun- tains, Texas, in the writer’s collection. A second female from the Davis Mountains, Texas, agrees well with the type in the characters cited above.
It seems worth commenting here on Wheeler’s original concept of the diagnostic features of the subgenus E'phe- bomyrmex. As his principal criterion for establishing the group Wheeler cited the absence of a beard or psam- mophore on the under surface of the head. In the figure of amberbiculus which accompanied the original descrip- tion of the worker of that species, (7) Wheeler made no attempt to depict the pilosity, either on the gula or else- where. But in the description he noted the presence of a group of erect hairs on the gula which did not form a “conspicuous” beard. In this stand Wheeler seems to have been influenced by Forel, who had set up a subgenus to receive the beardless species mayri (11). But the gular hairs of P. mayri are uniformly short and even those at the anterior edge of the gula do not project much beyond it. They cannot by any stretch of imagina- tion be said to form a psammophore. Unfortunately this is not the case with all the species of Ephebomyrmex. Oddly enough Wheeler’s two species imberbiculus and pima are the worst offenders in this respect. Each has a small, median psammophore on the anterior half of the gula which runs diagonally inward toward the mid- line of the head. It may be admitted that these groups
1956] Creighton — Ephebomyrmex 65
of hairs are less regular in arrangement and much less conspicuous than the linearly-arranged lateral psammo- phores of some of the other species, but it certainly can- not be said that the gular pilosity of wmberbiculus or pima is as scant as that of mayri. While our species of Ephebomyrmex do not have full beards, they certainly do have goatees, hence Wheeler’s distinction is one of degree, not of kind. There can be little question that when Emery stated in 1921 (12) that the subgenus Ephebomyrmex is an artificial group, he had the above facts in mind. Emery pointed out that neither the absence of a psammophore nor the presence of a toothed epinotal flange at the insertion of the petiole distinguish the members of Ephebomyrmex from certain intermediate species ordinarily assigned to the subgenus Pogonomyrmex. Emery cited the South American species sivestri and brevibarbis in this connection but he could have mentioned the North American species huachucanus with equal pro- priety. The psammophore in both worker and female of huachucanus is transitional both in degree of develop- ment and position. The hairs which form it are fairly long and, for the most part, linearly arranged, but this line of hairs runs diagonally inward from the insertion of the mandible to a point at the middle of the head which is a little in advance of the rear border of the gula. This gives a V-shaped median psammophore which is quite unlike that of most species in the subgenus Pogonomyrmex, where the hairs of the psammophore are arranged in a line along the outer edge of the gula and turn in toward the center of the head at its rear edge.
One can agree with Emery that the criteria which Wheeler used for the recognition of H’phebomyrmex are not well-chosen and one can further agree with him that substantial improvement in the situation will necessitate a better acquaintance with the sexual forms of this group. In this connection the writer would like to call attention to one interesting feature in the thoracic structure of the female of imberbiculus. The scutellum of the female of imberbiculus does not rise abruptly above the metano-
66 Psyche eae
tum. Instead its rather thin rear edge forms, with the metanotum and the basal face of the epinotum, a single, sloping declivity which is broken only by the sutures at either side of the metanotum (see figure). In all species belonging to the subgenus Pogonomyrmex where the writer has been able to examine the female (apache, badius, barbatus, californicus, huachucanus, occidentalis and subdentatus), the scutellum rises well above the metanotum. This rise is usually abrupt and sometimes the rear face of the scutellum overhangs the metanotum. There is thus a break in the outline of the thorax at the metanotum and the dorsum of the scutellum is always at a level well above that of the metanotum or the anterior edge of the epinotum. As to whether these distinctions will hold uniformly through both subgenera remains to be seen, but if they do there should be less difficulty in defending the status of Ephebomyrmex as a valid sub- genus.
LITERATURE CITED
1. Wheeler, W. M. Jour. N.Y. Soe. Vol. 17, p. 80 (1909)
2, Olsen, O- W. Bull’ Mus: Comp, Zook” Harvard) Vola No Ss: p. 514 (1934)
3. Creighton, W.S. Ibid. Vol. 104, p. 132’ (1950)
4. Smith, M. R. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. Vol. 48, No. 5, p. 131 (1953)
5. Shreve, F. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publication 591, p. 4 et seq. (1951)
6. Creighton, W. S. Psyche Vol. 62, No. 3, p. 89-97 (1955)
7. Wheeler, W. M. Amer. Naturalist, Vol. 36, No. 422, p. 89-90 (1902)
8. Wheeler, W. M. Psyche, Vol. 9, p. 388 (1902)
9. Wheeler, W. M. Ants, Columbia Univ. Press, p. 288 (1910)
10. Cole, A. C. Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sei. Vol. 29, No. 4, p. 268 (1954)
11. Forel, A. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Hymenop. Vol. 3, p. 61 (1899)
12. Emery, C. in Wytsmann Gen. Insectorum, Fasc. 174, p. 45 (1921)
13. Wheeler, W. M. Psyche, Vol. 24, No. 6, p. 178 (1917)
SONG GENS AND NEW SPECIES OF CHRYSOPIDAE FROM THE WESTERN UNITED STATES, WITH REMARKS ON THE WING VENATION OF THE FAMILY (NEUROPTERA)!
By PHILLIP A. ADAMS Harvard University
In some material collected by the writer in southern Arizona in 1949, a single female specimen of a chrysopid was found, representing a previously unknown genus and species. The venation of this genus is remarkably like that of the Chrysopidae described from the Miocene shales of Colorado. Two other recent genera, Triplochrysa Kimmins and Dictyochrysa Petersen, similarly retain an archaic type of venation. Since these latter two genera have not been discussed in the light of the interpretation of the venation given by F. M. Carpenter (1935), they are compared in this paper with the new genus and with the Miocene genera.
Pimachrysa, new genus
Head: vertex moderately elevated; anterior tentorial pits large; labrum emarginate. Antennae slightly longer than fore wing, scape short, moderately swollen; flagel- lum filiform, the segments slightly longer than wide. Tarsal claws simple, without basal tooth. Fore wing: costal area rather narrow; subcostal cross-vein basad of origin of Rs; Rs arises basad of. first intra-median cell. Intra-median cell subtriangular, with apex toward base of wing. Second medio-cubital cross-vein located proxi- mally to furcation of MP. Two graduate series; Psm merges with inner series, strongly zig-zagged; Psc merges
* Published with the aid of a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College.
67
68 Psyche ae
with outer series, not so strongly zig-zagged. Anals not forked, run in a smooth curve to margin of wing. Jugal lobe prominent, one jugal vein present. Hind wing: jugal process small, costal area narrow. MP fused with Rs for a short distance, basal Banksian cell unusually large. Two gradate series; Psm weakly differentiated from inner gradates, not so strongly zig-zagged as in fore wing. Psc merges with outer gradates as in fore wing.
Generotype: Pimachrysa grata n. sp.
This genus is similar in its venation to Triplochrysa Kimmins, from which it may be distinguished by its having the first intra-median cell closed apically by a cross-vein, and by the occurence of only two gradate series in both wings. :
Pimachrysa grata n. sp. Figs. 1-5
Head straw yellow, a shallow groove between bases of antennae black; maxillary and labial palpi pale at base, penultimate segment fuscous, last segment black. Anten- nae stout; scape pale, with medial, ventral, and lateral surfaces infuscated distally; condyle appears as dark longitudinal line on medial surface; pedicel short, black; flagellum black. Pronotum wide, anterior margin straight; whitish yellow with three fuscous stripes slightly con- vergent anteriorly. Meso- and metanota yellow, scuta infuscate posterolaterally. Cervical sclerites black; meso- and metapleurae bright yellow, with many areas fuscous. Legs ivory white; femora with a wide fuscous band before the knees. Tibiae slightly infuscated on lateral surface just beyond knee; tarsi a uniform light brown, last segment much darker than preceding. Legs uniformly clothed with short, dark, setae.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2 Pimachrysa grata n. sp. Fig. 1. Wings; im, first intra-median cell; Psm, pseudomedia; Psc, pseudocubitus; b, basal Banksian cell. Fig. 2. Dorsum of head and pronotum. Fig. 3. Terminal abdominal segments of female (lateral view). Fig. 4. Spermatheca (ventral view). Fig. 5. Subgenital plate (ventral view).
Psycue, 1956 Vou. 63, PLATE 2
SR aaeeee
ADAMS — PIMACHRYSA GRATA
70 Psyche [dune
Wings: membrane hyaline, veins slender, setae few, short. Fore wing: costa fuscous near base, otherwise pure white completely around wing. Costal veinlets dark- fuscous; Sc white, slightly fuscous basally; R pure white its whole length; stigma white, costal area of stigma densely clothed with short dark setae. All other veins in basal area of wing white as far out as the cubital fork, thence becoming uniformly dark-fuscous. Hind wing: colored about as in fore wing, but with a slightly more extensive area of white veins. Venation as in Figure 1.
Abdomen: short, slender, with terminal segments greatly enlarged. Pale yellow above, with narrow median fuscous stripe, most prominent on second tergite, where it forms an elongate diamond-shaped mark. Sternites brown-fuscous with large central area and posterior margins yellow. Genitalia as in Figures 3-5. Gonapophyses laterales bear on their posteroventral margins three rows of heavy bristles having the ends broadened and strongly reflexed.
Length of antennae, 16 mm.; fore wing, 14 mm.; hind wing, 12.5 mm.; expanse 28.7 mm.; length of body, 7.5 mm.
Holotype: Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, 26 August, 1949, at light. P. A. Adams, collector. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Pimachrysa appears to represent one of a group of relict genera with extremely primitive venation. Carpen- ter (1935) has revised the fossil Chrysopidae of the Tertiary; the resemblance of these forms to Pimachrysa, and to Triplochrysa and Dictyochrysa, is striking. These three genera are, without doubt, the most primitive of known living chrysopids, at least as regards the wing venation. |
A characteristic common to these three genera, dif- ferentiating them from both the Tertiary forms and other Recent forms, is the position of the second medio-cubital cross-vein, basad of the furcation of MP. With the excep- tion of Hypochrysa, in all other genera known to the writer, if this furcation is present, the cross-vein con- nects MP 3+ 4 and CuA. Whether this basal position is a primitive or a specialized condition is debatable.
1956] Adams — Chrysopidae 71
Paleochrysa, which is otherwise the most primitive de- seribed genus, has the quadrangular first intra-median cell characteristic of more advanced genera such as Nothochrysa. On the other hand, the occurence of an intra-median cell formed as in Pimachrysa, Triplochrysa, and Dictyochrysa, in such widely separated areas as North America and Australia, would seem to indicate that the basal position of the second medio-cubital cross- vein was broadly distributed in the past. It is entirely possible that the basal position has been secondarily derived; however, the simple bifurcate condition of MP found in these genera certainly appears to represent the more primitive situation. Paleochrysa, Nothochrysa, et al., may then be representative of steps that have occurred in the evolution of more advanced genera, which possess a triangular cell, derived from the quadrangular first intra-median cell by fusion of MP 1+ 2 and MP 34-4 4. The apex of this type of triangle is directed apicad, not basad as is that of Pimachrysa. In Hypochrysa, since MP 3+ 4 fuses with MP 1+ 2 as in Chrysopa, the basal position of the cross-vein is presumably secondarily derived.
The first medio-cubital cross-vein of the fore wing is a remnant of a prominent medio-cubital y-vein, and is present in all recent Planipennia. Its absence from several of Carpenter’s drawings of the Miocene genera seemed significant when viewed in the light of Kimmins’ specula- tion (1952b) that, in the Apochrysinae, the cross-vein found replacing it in its usual position represents instead the remnant of MP 3+. 4. An examination of the fossils used in the preparation of these drawings demonstrated, however, that this cross-vein is present in all three of the Miocene genera, and is located in its usual place, opposite the cubital fork.
The subcostal cross-vein has been omitted in Carpenter’s drawings, with the exception of Figure 2 (Paleochrysa fracta), in which it should be located slightly distad of the first radial cross-vein, instead of where shown. In Paleochrysa, this cross-vein is always located approxi- mately opposite the first radial cross-vein; in Tribochrysa
a2 Psyche [thats
and Lithochrysa, it is much closer to, but still distal to, the origin of Rs. In Duictyochrysa, it is barely proximal to Rs, while in more advanced forms it progresses toward the wing base. The position of this cross-vein in the genera herein treated correlates well with the degree to which archaic venational features are represented. Un- fortunately, Martynov’s illustration of the Jurassic Mesypo- chrysa does not include this vein; it would be interesting to see if it then occurred still farther out on the wing than in Paleochrysa.
The distad progression of the origin of Rs in the fore wing has been discussed by Carpenter. In all three of the recent relict genera, as would be expected, Rs originates basad of the fork of MP.
Members of the Jurassic family Mesochrysopidae dem- onstrate various degrees of development of the Pseudo- media and the Pseudocubitus. Mesypochrysa has a well- developed double gradate series, but both branches of MP run straight toward the wing margin; there is con- sequently no trace of a Psm or a Psc. Mesochrysa, because of its apically fused Sc and R, which results in a rather myrmeleontiod appearance of the wing apex, is to be considered as a specialized side-branch of the chrysopid stem. In this genus, however, both branches of MP show a tendency to turn posteriad, and a weakly developed Psm and Pse are present. The Miocene genera all have developed the strong elbow in the branches of MP charac- teristic of modern genera; Triplochrysa and Dictyochrysa represent a more primitive condition in this respect, the branches of MP running posteriad in an even curve. Psm and Psc are well developed in the Miocene forms, but retain the archaic zig-zagged condition; Psm in both wings runs into the inner gradate series. In Triplochrysa, the course of Psm has shifted somewhat toward the margin of the wing, and a third, inner, series of gradates occurs. Pse remains in a relatively unspecialized condition, merg- ing with the outer gradates, and showing fairly strong zig-zagging. Psm in more specialized genera has a strong tendency to straighten, so that zig-zagging disappears;
1956] Adams — Chrysopidae 73
in genera such as Nothochrysa, this “vein” merges with the outer gradate series, turning up slightly near its end. As the straightening tendency reaches its culmination, e.g. in Chrysopa, Psm runs straight to the margin of the wing, and turns slightly downward near its end. Pse in genera such as Chrysopa may become straightened out basally, and is interrupted by Psm apically.
The writer feels it most unlikely that, as suggested by Kimmins, Dictyochrysa could possibly have been ancestral to Triplochrysa. Admittedly, its venation reflects a most archaic condition. However, in the Planipennia, certain groups frequently become specialized by the multiplica- tion of the number of cross-veins or branches of the longitudinal veins. Examples of this which come readily to mind are the Psychopsidae, Drepanopteryx (Hemero- biidae), and the Palparinae (Myrmeleontidae). These forms frequently retain a most archaic arrangement of veins, and hence furnish quite useful evidence for venational studies. The retention of these primitive char- acters, however, is not an indication that these forms are unspecialized and therefore eligible to be considered as ancestral to other groups. It is a result of a high degree of specialization by emphasis upon an amplification of the original system of venation, rather than specialization by reduction, or by modification of original pathways of veins by fusion. Dictyochrysa appears to constitute a case of this kind. There is no evidence that the network of hexa- gonal cells in the apical part of the wings is a primitive character; on the contrary, all the fossil forms have a relatively simple venation, with a normal number of cross- veins, and with oblong cells like those of modern represent- atives of the family. There is therefore no reason to assume that the simple venation of the fossil forms has become complex, as seen in Dictyochrysa, with subsequent reduc- tion to the condition of simplicity seen in Triplochrysa.
It is the writer’s opinion that consideration of the venational trends discussed above — the progression basad of the subcostal cross-vein, the apicad migration of Rs, the formation of the first intra-median cell, and the re- lationship of the gradates with Psm and Pse — can furnish
74 Psyche Lene
much useful information concerning the phylogeny of the Chrysopidae. The archaic expression of these characters in the Recent genera Dictyochrysa, Triplochrysa, and Pimachrysa indicates that they constitute an extremely primitive, although not necessarily closely related, as- semblage, similar in many respects to the Miocene genera.
The writer gratefully acknowledges the kindness of Prof. F. M. Carpenter in making possible the examination of fossil Chrysopidae from the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
LITERATURE CITED
CaRPENTER, F. M. 1935. Tertiary Insects of the Family Chrysopidae. Journ. Paleont. 9(3) :259-271. Kimmins, D. E. 1952a. Some New Australian Chrysopidae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12)5:69-81. 1952b. A Revision’ of the Genera of the Apochrysinae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12)5:929-944. Martynoy, A. V. 1927. Jurassic Fossil Insects from Turkestan. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR 21 :757-768.
1956] Brown — African Tetramorium 19 THE RELATIONSHIP OF TWO AFRICAN Tetramorium SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) .—During 1955, Mr. Thomas Gregg, a student at Harvard University, made for me a small but select collection of ants in the vicinity of Epulu, Ituri Forest, in the Belgian Congo. The ants have been deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har- vard. Among the series were two nest samples of Tetra- morium, of which the workers were a striking yellow in color, but with the alitrunk and petiole a contrasting blackish or piceous hue.
It was found that both series agreed in general with the description of T. colorewm Mayr (1901, Ent. Tidskr., 21: 273, worker; type loc.: Mungo R., Kamerun), while one of them corresponded more particularly to that of T. coloreum var. postpetiolata Santschi (1919, Rev. Zool. Afr., 7: 88, worker; type loc.: Penghe, Belgian Congo). The two series, while very similar at first glance, are distinguished by a number of characters. As noted by Santschi, postpetiolata has the postpetiole markedly broader than long and with a smooth and shining surface (in coloreum, not or just barely broader than long and with irregular longitudinal costulae or striae on the disc, ex- tending onto the base of the gaster). Santschi also mentioned that the posterodorsal petiolar face is more rugose (and opaque) in postpetiolata. In addition, in my postpetiolata specimens, the petiolar node is distinctly thicker from front to rear, the alitrunk is narrower, lower and less suddenly constricted behind, and the propodeal and triangular metapleural teeth are both distinctly shorter than in coloreum. Also, in postpetiolata, the erect hairs are slightly longer, more abundant (particularly on pe- tiole), more slender and have more tapered apices.
Since Santschi’s chief distinctions appear to be main- tained, and even supplemented, in the present sympatric samples, I am suggesting that Tetramorium postpetiolatum be granted new status as a species.
Mr. Gregg took the T. colorewm nest at Epulu from the upper side of a log covered with earth in the rain forest. The T. postpetiolatum series was taken in this vicinity, also in rain forest, in the soil beneath leaf litter. W. L. BROWN, JR., Museum of Comparative Zoology.
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PSYCHE
“Wal Ge September, 1956 No. 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Baltic Amber Snake-flies (Neuroptera), F. M. Carpenter ; 5 a
New Ant-lions from the Southwestern United States (Neuroptera:
Myrmeleontidae), P. A. Adams . 3 ; : : : So
A Technique for Shipping Hippoboscid Puparia (Diptera). J. B. NCHSIMS ; d 5 ‘ ; : : 3 : , ; . 109
Two Cases of Intestinal Myiasis in Man Produced by Hermetia
(Diptera: Stratiomyiudae), Ff. G. Werner : : : =o
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PoYCHE
Poe september, 1956 2 No. 8
THE BALTIC AMBER SNAKE-FLIES (NEUROPTERA) By F. M. CARPENTER!
Harvard University
The snake-flies, comprising the neuropterous suborder Raphidiodea, have had a long geological record. Like the scorpion-flies (Mecoptera), they appear to have been more extensively represented generically and specifically in pre- vious geological periods than at present. They have been described from the Permian of Kansas and Russia (Carpen- ter, 1943; Martynova, 1952), the Jurassic of Turkestan (Martynov, 1925; Martynova, 1947), the Miocene of Color- ado (Carpenter, 1936), and the Oligocene of the Baltic amber.
For some reason, they are exceedingly rare in the amber. Only one species has been reported in the literature up to the present time; this is Hagen’s Raphidia (Inocellia) ert- gena, which was described just about a century ago (1854). My own efforts to secure amber snake-flies, extending over two decades, have yielded but four specimens. Since I have had these at hand for several years and especially since I have little hope of obtaining additional specimens in the near future, I am presenting here an account of this small collection.
Three species are represented by this new material: one of these is Hagen’s erigena, which turns out to belong to Fibla; another is a new species of Raphidia, and the third is a very peculiar species, which I am assigning to Inocellia.
1 Published with the aid of a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College.
U7
pana Qa
40
718 Psyche [September
Family Raphidiidae Genus Raphidia Linn. This genus is now restricted, as far as is known, to the
Old World, but it is well represented in Miocene deposits of Colorado (Carpenter, 1936).
Raphidia baltica, new species Figure 1
Fore wing: length, 9 mm.; width, 2.56 mm.; costal space narrow, with only 5 crossveins (in type) ; pterostigma nar- row. Hind wing: length, 8 mm.; width, 2.5 mm. Venational details are shown in the figure. Prothorax 2 mm. long, bi- colored; body in general dark brown.
Figure 1. Raphidia baltica, n. sp. Fore and hind wings drawn from holotype, No. 5122, MCZ.
Holotype: No. 5122, in Baltic Amber Collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology. This is a complete female, in a somewhat distorted position, with the tip of the right fore wing broken away. This species is a typical Raphidia, as shown by the venational pattern, especially the nature of the basal piece of MA in the hind wing (see Carpenter, 1936). It is similar to several living species in its general appearance.
1956] Carpenter — Baltic Amber Snake-flies mg
Family Inocelliidae Genus Fibla Navas
Existing species of Fibla are known to occur only in parts of the Old World, although one extinct species has been found in the Miocene of Colorado.
Fibla erigena (Hagen) Figure 2 Raphidia (Inocellia) erigena Hagen, 1854, Ver. Zool. Bot. Ges., 4:228; Hagen, 1856, in Berendt, Org. Reste, 2(2) :83, plate 8, fig. 14.
Hagen’s type of erigena is presumably lost, but two speci- mens in the Harvard collection undoubtedly belong here. They are the basis of the following account: Fore wing: length, 10-138 mm.; width 3.5 mm.; costal margin broad. Hind wing: length, 4.5 mm.; width 3 mm. Venational de- tails are shown in the figures. Prothorax 1.8 mm. long, 1 mm. wide.
Figure 2. Fibla erigena (Hagen). A. Fere wing drawn from specimen No. 5120, MCZ. B. Hind wing drawn from specimen No. 5121, MCZ. For explanation of be and MP2, see text.
The original Hagen specimen was apparently splendidly preserved; allowing for slight inaccuracies in Hagen’s fig- ure, I can recognize no significant differences between his insect and the ones now at hand, which are as follows: No. 5120, with the right wings, head and thorax very well pre- served; the other wings and the abdomen have been broken
80 Psyche [September
away. No. 5121, a female, with the left wings and complete body (including ovipositor) well preserved.
This insect has the characteristics of an inocelliid, in- cluding the absence of ocelli and the pterostigmal crossvein and the presence of the forked MP2 and the rectangular head. Its assignment to Fbla is based on the nature of the basal piece of MA in the hind wing, as contrasted to that in Inocellia (see, for example, figure 2).
Genus Inocellia Schneider This genus is widely distributed, mainly in the holarctic realm, but it includes relatively few species. Extinct rep- resentatives have not previously been known. Inocellia peculiaris, new species Figure 3 Fore wing: length 6 mm.; width 1.8 mm.; costal margin rather narrow, with only four crossveins. Hind wing: length 5.3 mm.; width, 1.6 mm.; the short vein (bc) from base of MP to CuA is perpendicular to CuA, not oblique. MP2 is without the usual fork occurring in inocelliids. Head, 1.4 mm. long; prothorax short, 1 mm. in length. General body color, dark brown. Holotype: No: 5123; Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Figure 3. Inocellia peculiaris, n. sp. A. Fore and hind wings of holo- type, No. 5023, MCZ. B. Head and prothorax of holotype. For explana- iton of be and MP2, see text.
1956 | Carpenter — Baltic Amber Snake-flies 81
The specimen, a male, is well preserved, with all wings com- plete and the body structure showing in detail.
This species appears to have some features of both the raphidiids and inocelliids, and I have placed it in Jnocellia only in preference to making a new genus for it. The ocelli are absent and the antennae are inserted well anterior to the compound eyes, as in the Inocelliidae; also, its pteros- tigma is without a transverse veinlet and the genital struc- tures are inocelliid. On the other hand, the head is not so quadrate as that in living inocelliids, MP2 is unbranched, and the vein labeled be is transverse, as in the raphidiids. Furthermore, the small size of the insect, with a wing expanse of 13 mm., is more like that of the raphidiids than of the inocelliids. However, I prefer not to erect a new genus for this one species, and since the more obvious char- acteristics, such as lack of ocelli and pterostigmal cross- vein, are inocelliid in nature, I have tentatively placed it in Inocellia.
Although the number of snake-flies known to us in the Baltic amber is still very small, it is interesting to note that the genus Agulla is not represented and that the genus Inocellia is represented by only a very peculiar species, which may, in fact, not belong there at all. This lends some weight to my previous suggestion (1936) that Agulla and Inocellia have evolved more recently than Raphidia and Fibla, which are well represented in the Tertiary of both the New World (Colorado) and the Old (Baltic amber).
LITERATURE CITED CARPENTER, F. M. 1986. Revision of the Nearctic Raphidiodea (Recent and _ Fossil). Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci.. 71: 89-157. 1943. The Lower Permian insects of Kansas. Part 9. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., 75: 65-68. Martynov, A. V. 1925. To the knowledge of fossil insects from the Jurassic beds in Turkestan. Bull. Acad. Sci. Russie, 19: 233-246; 569-572. Martynova, O. M. 1947. Two new Raphidioptera from the Jurassic shales of Kara-tau. Doklady Acad. Sci. SSSR, 56 (6) :635-637. 1952. Permian Neuroptera of the SSSR. Trav. Paleontol. Inst.. Acad. Sci. SSSR. 40: 197-237.
NEW ANT-LIONS FROM THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES (NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE)!
By PHILLIP A. ADAMS
Biological Laboratories, Harvard University
In the course of identifying material from the South- west, the writer has encountered several new species and a new genus of Myrmeleontidae. Descriptions of these are given below, with a list and key to the species of the genus Eremoleon Banks. Sources of specimens are designated by the following abbreviations: CAS, California Academy of Sciences; CIS, California Insect Survey, University of California, Berkeley; UCD, University of California, Dav- is; UCR, University of California, Riverside; UCLA, Uni- versity of California at Los Angeles; LAM, Los Angeles County Museum; MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. The kindness of the staffs of these institutions in lending material is gratefully acknowledged.
The terminology of the wing venation as used herein differs from the usual system (summarized by Markl)? in several fundamental aspects. Markl’s study is an excellent and invaluable treatment of the comparative morphology of the wing of the ant-lions, but unfortunately his scope, a tribal revision, was so large as to have discouraged detailed investigation of venation in other families. The best clues to the homologies of the myrmeleontoid wing are to be found in the primitive myrmeleon‘oids — the Osmylidae and the Myiodactylidae. A thorough account of the reasons for the adoption of the present system will be given in a forthcoming paper, dealing with the venation of the order as a whole.
In both wings, MA has become coalesced with Rs; the “basal piece’”’ (Figure 8, “‘b’’) is to be seen at the base of the fore wing between R and MP. In the hind wing the basal
1Published with the aid of a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College.
2Markl, W., 1954, Verh. d. Naturforschenden Ges. Basel 65:178-263.
82
1956] Adams — Myrmeleontidae 83
part of MA is retained in the Osmylidae as a sinuate vein running between MP and Rs shortly after the latter has di- verged from R; in the higher families this portion of the vein disappears. MA reappears, however, as the last branch from the “radial sector” (of previous authors, herein term- ed Rs+MA), differing often in being strongly convex, and branching much more than do the true branches of Rs. Comstock has termed the triangular sector which results from this branching the “radial cuneate area’. Since the “radial sector’ is a complex vein, the cross veins which lie behind it, between the base of the wing and its divergence from R, cannot be termed “radial cross veins”; they are in reality median cross veins. Because they have been used so much as a source of taxonomic characters, confusion might result in referring to them as median cross veins, hence the writer has adopted the term presectoral cross veins (Figure 8, ““ns’’) :
There has been much controversy over the homology of the cubitus in the hind wing, Comstock holding that the con- vex forked vein which appears analogous to the cubitus in the fore wing is actually M;+-4. His system was based most- ly on evidence from the tracheation and from the absence of the “oblique vein” (MP3;+,4) from the hind wing. This forked vein is homologous to what has been termed MP3-+-4 in the other superfamilies; but it is the belief of the writer that it is actually composed primarily of cubital elements. There is evidence which indicates that CuA, has, in the hind wing of all the Neuroptera, coalesced with M, resulting in a condition similar to that found in the Mecoptera, so that CuA, appears as the posterior branch of the vein which has been called MP. In this paper, the veins which Markl terms “A,” and “A.” are referred to as CuAs and CuP+A,, re- spectively. In the ant-lions, A, is coalesced for a short dis- tance with CuP; the base of A, although weak, is visible. Markl seems not to have noticed the double nature of this vein, although he shows the base of A, correctly in his fig- ure 45. In the Osmylidae this coalescence has not taken place. The term inner cubital veinlets as used herein is equivalent to “anal veinlets’” of previous authors.
Few workers have made reference to the internal male
84 Ps YC he [September
genitalia when doing taxonomic work on the Mymeleonti- dae. The writer has found that the structure of the gon- arcus, and especially of the parameres, furnishes most use- ful characters; accordingly these are illustrated for all the species treated below, when male material was available. Within a species, there seems to be little variation in their size and structure; unfortunately, it will sometimes be found that closely related species have almost identical in- ternal genitalia. Tjeder’s terminology® is used.
Dorsally, there is present an arched sclerite, the gonar- cus, which bears at its apex a small hood-like structure, the mediuncus. Loosely articulated with the mediuncus are the parameres, which often are produced to form hooks. Or- dinarily, these structures will be found to lie in a pouch between the bases of the ectoprocts (“male appendages’’) ; occasionally, this pouch will be found everted (Figure 32). The genital opening is on the ventral side of this sac, its position being marked by a small sclerite (Figure 32, dotted lines). As eversion takes place, the spatial relationships of the sclerites change markedly. In some species (e. g. Hesperoleon and relatives) the parameres have a thin re- gion near their middle, the hinge, where they may fold when the genital sac is inverted. Upon eversion, they straighten out, and the points of the hooks become more divergent.
The reader is cautioned that, because of this folding, it was not possible to draw all the figures from the same view- point, and that, as a result, several of the figures are dis- torted. The side view gives a much better impression of the shape of the parameres than does the rear view, for this reason. In Eremoleon the parts are fairly rigid.
For critical examination, it is necessary to remove the gonarcus and parameres from the abdomen; these can easily be teased out after boiling the tip of the abdomen in KOH. The genitalia are stored in glass vials containing glycerine, pinned beneath the specimen. Jf the corks are boiled in paraffine, there is less danger of the glycerine soaking through to corrode the pin. This can also be mini- mized by piercing the cork at a 45 degree angle, so that
3Tyjeder, Bo, 1954, Ent. Medd. 27:23-40.
1956] Adams — Myrmeleontidae 85
the glycerine will remain at the bottom of the vial whether the specimen is stored in a flat tray, or in a box placed vertically on a shelf.
Among the measurements given are the lengths of the pterothorax and the third abdominal tergite. These lengths can be measured easily and accurately; their ratio gives a value useful in describing the amount of abdominal elonga- tion.
Although the size of the labial palpi varies considerably within a given species, the size and shape of the terminal segment tends to be quite characteristic. In this segment is a sense-organ,’ to accomodate which it is swollen to a great- er or lesser degree. In the male, the terminal segment is often smaller than in the female.
Genus Hremoleon Banks.
Banks, 1901, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 27:365; 1928, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 68: 69-71; Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Ser. 24: 143-144.
This genus is still too poorly represented in collections to enable a full-fledged revision; the following is simply a list of the described species, with a key and such figures as may be found helpful in identification.
Key to the Species of the Genus E’remoleon.
1. A very slender species, the antennae about 114 times length of head and thorax together; third abdominal tergite 1.4 times length of pterothorax ...... longior
— More robust, the antennae at most equal to length of head and thorax together; third abdominal tergite at most equal to length of pterothorax .............. 2,
2. A deep black mark on base of fore wing, mesepimeral WMO MOGOCESS OlACK in oy VU ete nigribasis
— No such mark, mesepimeral wing process brown or CNOA Mee ee re Monier eRae eS yo acl 3
3. CuP-+A, in fore wing curved forward, margin curved outward, so that the space between is wider in middle than at ends; prothorax wider than long ... mexicana
4Hisner, T., 1953, J. Morph. 93:109-122.
86 Psyche [September
— CuP-+A, in fore wing straight or sinuate, the space between wider at base than middle; prothorax longer
than. < wide, ...)...5)s ie ee ee ee eee 4 4. Mesepimeral wing process dark umbraceous; 12-16 branches of CuP+ A, in fore wing ........ macer — Mesepimeral wing process yellow; 11 or less, usually 8-9, branches of CuP+A, in the fore wing ........ 5)
5. Antennal segments longer than wide; antennae about as long as head and thorax together, the pedicel and scape black; wings heavily spotted .......... gracile
— Antennal segments wider than long; antennae shorter than head and thorax together, pedicel and scape pale; WAGES Ob, WEALD THATAKOC! 566s 0 0s vce s cee ecces 6
6. Large species (fore wing 30 mm., or longer) ; fore ti- bial spurs as long as 2 tarsomeres; all setae light
bial spurs as long as 314 tarsomeres; most setae on legs, and many on thorax, black ........ ee pallens
Eremoleon macer (Hagen) Figures 21, 30
Myrmeleon macer Hagen, 1861, Synopsis of N. Amer. Neur. :236 Eremoleon macer Banks, 1901, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 27:365; 1928, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 68:70; 1938, Car- negie Inst. Wash. Pub. 491 :235 Segura vitreus Navas, 1914, Ent. Zeitung 28:18 In the Museum of Comparative Zoology there is a pair of specimens from Mexico (Apatzingan, Michoacan, 12,000 feet, Aug. 11. 1941, H. Hoogstral, and Jacala, Hidalgo, 4,500 feet, June 22, 1939, Ralph Haag) which are quite similar to macer in general characteristics, but which have more slender wings, with fewer presectoral cross veins in the fore wing (7 or 8, but about 10 in macer), and with more branches of CuP-+-A, in the fore wing; the vertex is dark pruinose, with two well-defined rows of spots in the Jacala specimen. The genitalia are like those of macer. De- spite the differences from macer, it does not seem advis- able to consider them distinct without more materia!
1956] Adams — Myrmeleontidae 87
from this area. Should it then appear that they are dis- tinct, the name mexicana Navas might be appropriate. The wing shape and markings are similar to those of mexi- cana, in the Apatzingan specimen the anal area in the fore wing is widened like Navas’ figure (Figure 1b), but not to such a marked degree. The vertex and pronotal markings do not agree well with the figure.
Figure 1. Kremoleon mexicana (Nav.) a. Head and prothorax, b. Axillary region of anterior wing, ¢. Axillary region of posterior wing (from Navas, 1925).
Segura vitreus has long been considered a synonym of macer, the description fits well except ““Abdomen ¢ cercis manifestis, cylindricis,’” and “Abdomen longum, in ¢ alis longius ..., characters which are not found in other species of Hremoleon or in related genera. Probably the type specimen, collected in 1871, has another abdomen affixed.
Hremoleon mexicana (Navas) Figure 1 a, b, c
Novulga mexicana Navas, 1925, Mem. R. Acad. Ci. Artes Barcelona 19 :189-190, fig. 17. EHremoleon macer Banks, 1936, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 491 :235 , In all probability, this is #’. macer; however, as mention- ed above, the figure shows a differently shaped CuP-+<A, in the fore wing. According to the description, the wings are acute, and less prominently marked than in macer, there being only a small spot at the connection of CuP-+A, and CuAs, at the rhegma, and at the hypostigmatic cell.. The hind wing is immaculate.
88 Psyche [ September
Eremoleon insipidus, new species Figures 19, 20, 28
Head pale; a faint indication of an interantennal dark band; first row of vertex scars unpigmented — a dash on each side and double medial scar; behind is a pair of in- distinct brown submedian spots; last segment of labial palpi large, strongly swollen (Figure 28); antennae pale, club infuscate, flagellar segments all broader than long. Pronotum gray-brown, a pair of small submedian spots be- fore furrow; behind furrow a pair of wide median brown bands, broadly separated by pale posteriorly; a short lateral dark stripe each side. Nota mostly infuscate, a pair of broad brown stripes on mesoscutellum. Propleuron dark, mesane- pisternum with a brown stripe below, rest of pleura pale; mesepimeral wing process light ochraceous. Coxae pale; a small basal brown spot; femora pale, very faintly spotted with brown; large apical brown spot on anterior side; tibiae lightly brown-dotted; tarsi pale. All setae, including long seta on fore femur, pale, darkest ones a light yellow brown in color. Fore tibial spurs only as long as 2 tarsomeres, hind spurs, 114 tarsomeres.
First abdominal tergite pale, second dark with apical pale spot, third-sixth with small median pale spots at base and apex, and with large subbasal spot each side, broadly confluent medially and containing a dark spot each side. Apical tergites darker, with markings indistinct. Sternites pale to middle of 4th, beyond dark.
Venation largely pale; in fore wings most cross veins dark at ends; longitudinal veins dark where intersected by dark cross veins; each dark intersection surrounded by a small gray cloud in membrane; larger spots at apex of hypostigmatic cell, rnegma, and end of CuAs. In hind wing venation paler, membrane scarcely marked, dark spots at apex of hypostigmatic cell and rhegma.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3 Figures 3-7. Fig 3. Hesperoleon minutus, 9@, head and pronotum (Cathedral City, Calif.). Fig. 4. H. infuscatus. ¢, head and pronotum (Antioch, Calif.). Fig. 5. H. fidelitas, allotype, head and pronotum. Fig 5a. H. fidelitas, mesoscutellum. Fig. 6. Eremoleon gracile, holotype, ©, head and thorax. Fig. 7. Tyttholeon puerils, holotype, head and pronotum.
PsycuHe, 1956 Vou. 63, PLATE 3
= as
ADAMS — MYRMELEONTIDAE
90 Psyche [ September
Fore wing: broad, 5-7 presectoral cross veins, the last usually connected to first cross vein from RS+MA; 9-11 branches of RS+MA; 9-10 cross veins between CuA and CuP+A,; 8-10 cross veins between CuP-+-A, and wing margin. Hind wing: cubital area broad, with four rows of cross veins.
Parameres (Figure 19) similar to those of macer, but the plates much farther apart, the inner margin strongly concave.
Body length, 24.-27.5 mm.; fore wing, length 30.5-35. mm., width 7.6-9.6 mm.; hind wing, length, 28.5-32. mm.; width 7.1-7.6 mm.; labial palpus, length 0.78 0.88 mm.; width 0.20-0.25 mm.; antenna 5.7-6.7 mm.
Holotype ¢: 5 mi. 8. of San Miguel, L. Cal. VII-20-38, Michelbacher and Ross, in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Paratypes: Riggs, Calif. 5-9-34 °, Sperry (MCZ) ; Borego Valley, Calif., VI-6-40, C. D. Michener (CIS); El Mayor, ey Cali IVEIS=soe Is Lo he oe lvoss (GAS): Mejia Is., Angel de la Guardia I., Gulf of Calif.; VI-28-21, é, E. P. Van Duzee (CAS).
These specimens are an insipid pale brown in color, with few really distinct markings on head or thorax; nowhere is there any structure which is strongly pigmented — black is absent. The large, heavily swollen labial palpi (Figure 28) are characteristic. The holotype and the Mejia Isd. specimens are paratypes of affine Banks.
Eremoleon gracile, new species Figures 3, 17, 29
Face pale; shiny dark interantennal band present, widely separated from first vertex row. First vertex row with a curved, dull black dash each side, and a pair of indistinct submedian brown dots; second row similar but fainter; be- hind a shiny black spot each side near eye, and an indis- tinct brown median mark. Labial palpi short, pale. Scape and pedicel shiny-black, flagellum slender, the segments slightly longer than wide, reddish brown, the tip strongly swollen, much darker.
Thorax mostly pale, notum marked as in Figure 3; meso- and metepisterna largely infuscate, epimera largely pale; expansion of mesepimeral wing process light yellow. Fore
1956] Adams — Myrmeleontidae 91
coxa pale with small basal fuscous spot; mid and hind coxae infuscate laterally ; femora pale, very faintly dotted at base of some setae, apical shiny black bands; tibiae dotted with dark, bearing postbasal and apical black bands. Tarsi pale, 5th tarsomere narrowly dark-tipped. Fore spurs equal three tarsomeres, hind spurs two; setae mostly black, many white on femora.
First abdominal tergite pale with small dark preapical dot; second with pale basal band and apical dot; third-sev- enth dark-fuscous, a large pale spot each side, broadly con- nected medially, apical segments pale. First sternite with a black spot each side, second, third and base of fourth pale, apex of fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh fuscous.
Wings: venation as in Figure 17. Base of wing pale, vena- tion largely pale, many cross veins dark wholly or at ends; longitudinal veins interrupted with dark at intersections of many cross veins; dark spots as indicated on figure.
Measurements (mm.) : body length 21; abdomen 15; head and thorax 6.3; pterothorax 4.0; third abdominal tergite 3.4; antenna 6.8; fore wing 25.5 long, 6.6 wide; hind wing 24.0 long 5.5 wide; third segment, labial palpus 0.48 long, 0.12 wide.
Holotype ¢ : Riverside, California, August 31, 1939, Paul De Bock (UCR): Deposited in the California Academy of Sciences.
Eremoleon nigribasis Banks Figures 24, 27
Eremoleon nigribasis Banks, 1920, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 64:5329 1928. bid: 68:7" Proc, Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser. 24:143
Eremoleon affine Banks, 1942, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser. 24:144, new synonymy Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Baja California.
The type of EH. affine Banks, as well as the paratypes from 5 mi. S. of San Miguel and Venancio, Baja Calif., are pale individuals of this species in which the black mark on the wing base is indistinct or absent.
92 Psyche [September
Eremoleon pallens Banks Figures 18, 26
Eremoleon pallens Banks, 1941, Psyche 48: 101-102 The type series was collected from a mine shaft on Pichaco Peak, Arizona.
Eremoleon longior Banks Figures 22, 23, 25
Eremoleon longior Banks, 1938, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 491: 235 A cave-dwelling species from Yucatan, Mexico. Its slen- derness is combined with great fragility.
Hesperoleon texanus Banks Figures 42, 43
Hesperoleon texanus Banks, 1903, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 5:175
This species has not previously been recorded from Cali- fornia. California specimens are larger than more eastern specimens, with longer antennae. Oklahoma specimens have the third abdominal tergite 1.5 times the length of the pterothorax, while in the California males this ratio was 1.7 and 1.9. The difference in color is striking, the Southern California specimens being much darker. Material from Riverside shows a gradation in size down to that of typical texanus, anda © from Olanche, California (MCZ), is inter- mediate in its coloration between the paler texanus and the darker southern specimens. Some means of measurements of the California specimens follow (in mm.) :
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4
Figures 8-17. Fig. 8. Tyttholeon puerilis, g, wings: b— basal piece of MA, ps— presectoral cross veins, he— hypostigmatic cell, rh— rhegma (San Felipe Can., Calif.). Fig. 9. Maracandula bellula, gonarcus and para- meres, posterior view (Skyforest, San Bernardino Co., Calif.). Fig. 10. Same, lateral view. Fig. 11. Tyttholeon puerils, gonarcus and parameres, lateral view (San Felipe Canyon). Fig. 12. Same, posterior view. Fig. 13. Hesperoleon minutus, holotype, apex of abdomen, lateral view. Fig. 14. Same, ventral view. Fig. 15. H. minutus, gonarcus and parameres, posterior view. Fig. 16. Same, lateral view. Fig. 17. EHremoleon gracile, holotype, wings.
PsycHe, 1956 Vou. 63, PLATE 4
Bee Oe
ADAMS — MYRMELEONTIDAE
94 Psyche [ September
sock” leaned, @ S70, @ Ae sloclomen @ B04, Q Iw? pterothorax 6 3.9, 2 3:7; fore wing, length ¢ 25.3, 9° 24-2: width ¢ 6.6, ° 6.1; labial palpi (terminal segment) 0.76 long, 0.20 wide; antennae ¢ 17.25, @ 4.8; third abdominal ercenthe & 2 © Hell.
In California, texanus is most likely to be confused with H. niger Currie, from which it can be separated by the dots on the mesoscutellum, and by the markings of the coxae (banded with pale in texanus, mostly black in niger). The gonarcus and parameres of these species are shown for comparison; niger (Figures 36, 37) has a conspicuously longer mediuncus, and lacks bristles on the lateral margin of the paramere between the hook and the hinge.
Calif. specimens examined: Inyo Co.: Olanche, ¢, F. A. Eddy (MCZ). San Bernardino Co.: Mill Creek, 6,000 ft., VII-23-29, ¢, P. H. Timberlake (UCR). Riverside Co.: Riverside 1X-27, X-7, 8, 1948, 3 ¢¢, P. H. Timberlake (UCR); Keen Camp, San Jacinto Mts., IX-2-1950, ¢ (UCLA). Los Angeles Co.: IX-20-54, ¢, R. X. Schick (UCLA).
Hesperoleon fidelitas, new species Figures 5, 5a, 33, 34 Face pale, occasionally a pair of dark dots on lateral mar-
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5
Figures 18-32. Fig. 18. Hremoleon pallens, paratype. gonarcus and para- meres, posterior view (Pichaco Peak, Ariz.). Fig. 19. E. insipidus holo- type, gonarcus and parameres, posterior view. Fig. 20. Same, lateral view. Fig. 21. H. macer, gonarcus and parameres, posterior view (Cuernavaca, Mexico). On the right 1s shown a portion of the characteristic cobble- stone sculpture on the surface of these plates in Hremoleon. Fig. 22. E. longior, paratype, gonarcus and parameres, posterior view (Xtoloe Cenoto Cave, Chitzen [tza, Yueatan). Bic. 23 came. lateralivaewa ica 24 He nigribasis, gonarcus and parameres, posterior view (Tucson, Ariz.). Fig. 25. EH. longior, tip of right labial palpus (same specimen as Fig. 22). Fig. 26. EH. pallens, paratype, @, tip of right labial paipus. Fig. 27. HE. mgr- basis, @, tip of right labial palpus (Douglas, Ariz.). Fig. 28. EH. insipidus, tip of right labial palpus, holotype. Fig. 29. E. gracile, holotype tip, of right labial palpus. Fig. 30 EH. macer, @, tip of right labial palpus (same specimen as Fig. 21). Fig. 31. Hesperoleon deflexus, holotype, gonarcus and parameres (everted), dorsal view. Fig. 32. Same, lateral view.
Vou. 63, PLATE 5
PsycHpE, 1956
MELEON TIDAL
YR
M
ADAMS —
96 Psyche [September
gins of clypeus; dark antennal band notched below, with prominent median extension, above widely separated from first vertex row. First vertex row a median triangle and a dash each side, often connected; second a pair of submedian spots and a dash each side; posterior to these spots a dark triangle, with apex anteriad. Scape dark ventrally, pedicel dark laterally, flagellar segments dark with narrow apical pale bands. Maxillary palpi usually infuscated, labial palpi pale, the third segment dark, moderately swollen. Median pronotal stripes converge at furrow, then diverge and re- curve; lateral stripes curve out at furrow then back toward, and sometimes touch, median stripe; a short sub-marginal stripe usually present. Mesoscutellum with a dark stripe and posterior dot each side, sometimes connected; me- tascutellum with a single dark mark. Pleurae mostly dark. Coxae dark with pale band; fore femora pale, dark poster- ior stripe; mid and hind femora dark with pale basal and preapical rings; mid femora with pale dorsal and posterior stripes. Tibiae pale, dark postbasal, preapical (except hind femur) and apical bands; a thin dark stripe on ventral sides of mid and hind femora; tarsal segments 1, 2, 3, and 5 pale, with dark apical bands, 4 sometimes wholly dark. Hind tibial spurs a little longer than first tarsal segment. Femoral setae mostly white, tibials about equally black and white; on pleurae and nota white except one or two dark on marginal pronotal stripe; on abdomen mostly white, in the male shorter and with much greater number dark on segments 6-9 than in the female.
Abdomen (¢): dark, tergites 1-8 with a pale stripe on each side, which is widened at the middle and end of each segment, becoming obscure on the apical segments. Ventral median pale stripe at apex of 3rd and 4th segments, and at base of 4th and 5th segments. Length of segment 8 approxi- mately three times width at base; ectoprocts slender, straight, slightly divergent, and bluntly rounded, greatest length approximately 2/3 that of segment 8. Gonarcus and parameres: gonarcus arms widely divergent; mediuncus short.
(¢): dark, tergite 2 pale at base and apex, tergites 3-7
1956] Adams — Myrmeleontidae 97
with paired pale spots at base (except on 3rd), middle, and apex; sternites dark.
Wings: Fore wing: costa pale, other longitudal veins al- ternately dark and pale; cross veins irregularly dark and pale; many of the dark sections surrounded by dark-suffused areas in the membrane, especially around MP3;+.4 (Mz. of Markl, et al.), a spot between MP,-+. and MP3+-4,+CuA, be- tween MP3+-, and rhegma, a line of cross veins up from rhegma toward the wing apex, and a line up from the end of CuAs. In some specimens the wing is heavily spotted, in others only slightly so. Hind wing: unmarked except for dark spot on basal side of stigma; veins mostly dark, the longitudinals interrupted with pale.
Fore wing: 3 presectorals (rarely 4), 10-13 branches of Rs-+ MA, 11-14 basal cubital cross veins, usually 3-4 connect- ed, 9 or 10 branches of CuP+<A,, 1-5 (usuaily 2-3) con- nected. Hind wing: 2 presectorals; 9-14 (usually 11) branches of Rs-+-MA; 6 or 7 inner cubital veinlets.
Measurements (mm., means in parentheses) : body length é 29.5-35.0 (33.0), @ 21.0-27.0 (24.2); abdomen ¢ 26.5- 29.0 (27.0), 2° 15.5-21.0 (18.4) ; fore wing, length ¢ 19.5- 22.0 (20.8), @ 21.5-24.0 (23.5), width ¢ 4.6-5.6 (5.4), ¢ 5.8-6.5 (6.2); antennae ¢ 5.4-6.9 (6.2), 9 4.7-6.7 (5.7); terminal segment, labial palpi, length ¢ 0.62-0.69 (0.67), 2 0.67-0.92 (0.71), width ¢ 0.14-0.20 (0.17), @ 0.19-0.25 (0.19) ; third abdominal tergite ¢ 5.2-6.7 (5.9), 9? 4.1-5.0 (4.4).
Sonora: Nogales, ¢ (MCZ).
Arizona: Cochise Co.: near Douglas, VIII-19-40, 4 ¢ 1 ¢, E. C. Van Dyke (CAS); San Pedro River, Fairbank, Sept. 6, 1927, ¢, J. A. Kusche (CAS) ; Huachuca Canyon, Sept. 3, 1950, ¢, R. Langston (LAM); Santa Cruz Co.: Madera Canyon, Aus. 16-20, 1949, 3 4 2 ©, RP. Adams, col.; Box Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., Aug. 21, 1949, ¢ (holo- type), Aug. 25, 1949, ¢ (allotype, both in the Museum of Comparative Zoology), Augc. 25, 1 9,2 6, Aug. 21, 26, P. Adams, col.; Puma Co.: Tucson, 16 mi. §., Aug. 11, 1924, é, E. P. Van Duzee (CAS); Tucson, 15 mi. E., 2600 ft., VIII-18-50, ¢, Cazier et al. (AMNH); Tuscon, VIII-27-38, ©, IDs ds 46 Jo IN, Lawl (MIG), Stel, IIB, ZY)
98 Psyche [September
Bryant (MCZ); Baboquivari Mts., VIII-15-22, ¢, D. C. Poling (CAS); Maricopa Co.: Wickenburg, VII-20-38, ¢, D. J. + J. N. Knull (MCZ); Yavapai Co.: 9-20-40, 9, G. Willett (LAM).
California: Riverside Co.: Morongo, Sept. 28, 1944, at light, 2 ¢°, Timberlake (UCR) ; San Diego Co.: San Felipe Creek, Sept. 10, 1938, 3 °, Timberlake (UCR); San Ber- nardino Co.: 10-15-88, ¢, K. E. Stager (UCLA); Yermo, 10-4-49, at light 2¢, J. M. Stern; Providence Mts., 10-7-40, é, C. Henne (LAM); Inyo Co.: Aberdeen, Owens Valley, A125 ft., VIII-2-1937, 3 ¢ Z 9%, Rehn, Pate, and Rehn (MCZ); Independence, VIII-23-52, 3¢ (UCLA).
This species is very close to H. texanus, and appears to replace it over the south center of its range. It may be differentiated from texanus by the markings of the legs, which are always evenly and prominently infuscated (dot- ted in texanus), and by the short mediuncus in the male. The pattern on the thorax is about the same as texanus, except for the submarginal pronotal stripes, seldom pre- sent in texanus. The vertex pattern is the same, but the spots are more sharply delineated than in most specimens of texanus.
In the past, specimens of fidelitas have mostly been con- fused with intermedius, which has no dots on the mesoscu- tellum, and a single dark band across the vertex (the an- terior vertex row has become fused with the antennal band).
Hesperoleon deflexus, new species IRATE A, Bil, BA, abil
Head capsule and mouthparts largely pale; a dark in- terantennal mark, which below is confined to area between antennal bases, with an anterior dark median line, and above fades out near anterior vertex scars; vertex scars usually not pigmented, consist of anterior transverse line, followed by a pair of spots (unpigmented in holo- and allo- type, brown in Yermo specimens) and a posterior row of a median triangle and a transverse line each side. Labial palpi (Figure 41) extremely long and slender, apical half of terminal segment distended, area surrounding sensory
1956] Adams — Myrmeleontidae 99
orifice infuscate. Antennae short, pale brown apically. Pro- notum pale, a faint pair of convergent narrow median stripes behind furrow, and a pair of lateral black dots on furrow. A pair of short basal stripes on scutella, fused on metascutellum. Pleura mostly pale; legs pale, apical dark bands on third, fourth, and fifth tarsal segments. Hind spurs as long as 1 14 tarsal segments. Femoral chaetae white (some black on hind femora) ; tibial chaetae black.
Abdomen (¢): much longer than wings; third and fourth segments strongly curved downward. Basal half pale, apical half brownish with a faint dorsal pale stripe each side. Ectoprocts produced, upcurved, forcipate. Para- mere hooks viewed from below spread at right angle basal- ly; tips recurved, parallel; hooks flattened laterally, blunt. Many setae on membrane beside parameres up to level of
SS
Figure 2. Hesperoleon deflexus, holotype. male.
hinge. Female abdomen short; a pale dorsal stripe each side, wider at base, middle and apex of tergites. Venation mostly pale, longitudinal veins often interrupted with black at intersections with cross veins; in fore wings a dark spot at base of creamy stigma, outer end of hypostigmatic cell, a few along CuA before fork, one at MP 3-44, halfway be- tween MP;+4 and rhegma, and at rhegma. Hind wing: stigma creamy, longitudinal veins less marked with dark than fore wing, no spots.
Fore wing: 3 presectorals; 8 or 9 branches of Rs+MA; 8-10 cubital cross veins, sometimes 1 or 2 connected; 7 or 8 anal veinlets, none connected. Hind wing: 2 (rarely 3)
100 Psyche [September
presectorals, 6-8 branches of Rs-+-MA, 5 (rarely 4) inner cubital vienlets.
Measurements (mm., in order: ¢ holotype, ¢ paratype, 2 allotype, @ paratype) : body length 31.7, 20.5, 20.0; length of abdomen 27.2, 15.5, 20.0; fore wing length 17.0, 18.5, 18.5, 21.0; width 3.8, 4.6, 5.3, 5.6; third segment, labial palpus, length 1.08, 1.16, 1.27, ——; width 0.24, O48, Oak, >; antennal length 3.25, 5 BH : length of pterothorax 2.76, 2.95, 3.04, 3.2; length of third abdominal tergite ¢ 5.9, 5.9.
Holotype ¢ and allotype ¢: Baker, San Bernardino Co., Calif., Aug. 23, 1952 (UCLA). Type deposited in the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, allotype in the UCLA Col- lection. Paratypes: Yermo, San Bernardino Co., Calif., 10-4-49, 1 6 1 ¢,J. M. Stern (Adams Collection).
This is a pale yellow species, somewhat resembling #. pallidus in color. The elongate labial palpi immediately dis- tinguish it from all other species of Hesperoleon save longipalpis (Hagen).° In longipalpis, the vertex marks are well pigmented, even in pale specimens; the antennal band on pale specimens consists of a spot under, and one lateral to, each antennal base. The ventral spots become confluent medially on darker specimens. In deflexus, the antennal band does not extend below the antennal bases, and the lateral spot is weak, connected to the antennal band above. In longipalpis, the male has short ectoprocts, long in de- flexus. The internal genitalia are similar, longipalpis hav- ing somewhat longer and sharper paramere hooks.
Hesperoleon minutus, new species
Figures 6, 13-16 Face pale, interantennal band straight-margined above, below emarginate, often with median extension toward cly- peus. First vertex row a short band each side, and median wide cordate mark. Behind is a pair of submedian dots, then a pair of lateral dots on each side; posteriorly a tri- angular dark mark. Labial palpi about 1.5 times the length 5Hesperoleon longipalpis (Hagen) 1888 nov. comb. Banks made this
species the type of his genus Scotoleon; it is merely a Hesperoleon with long labial palpi.
1956] Adams — Myrmeleontidae 101
of fore tarsus, the terminal segment dark, strongly swollen; maxillary palpi pale; scape pale, dark below; pedicel in- fuscated dorsally; flagellar segments dark with wide apical pale bands.
Median pronotal stripes united behind furrow; before furrow divergent, usually separated by pale. Lateral stripes well separated from medians, narrow, anterior ends curv- ed mesad. Marginal stripes absent. Mesoscutellum with two stripes, narrow anteriorly, well separated. Metascutellar stripes fused for about 14 their length.
Fore coxae pale with basal and apical dark areas on lateral surface. Mid and hind coxae dark basally, grading to pale apically. Femora dotted with dark, the dots often confluent, particularly on posterior side of fore femur, anterior side of mid femur, and on hind femur; tibiae with dark subbasal (faint on hind leg), preapical (absent on hind leg), and apical bands; fore and mid tibiae dotted with dark. Tarsomeres pale with apical dark bands, third and fourth often wholly dark.
Abdomen ( ¢ ): dark, second tergite with basal and apical pale spots; third, fourth, and fifth with a pale band each side, wider at base, middle, and apex of segments; sixth, seventh, and eighth tergites with pale basal, intermediate, and apical pale spots each side. Ectoprocts short, conical, divergent. Posterior margin of ninth sternite with tooth- like projection. Gonarcus and parameres (Figures 15, 16): mediuncus long; inner margin of parameres curves out- ward at hinge to form a high, thin strut, bracing hook. (¢@): dark, second tergite pale basally and apically, third to seventh tergites with pale basal, intermediate, and apical spots each side, third and fourth sternites pale apically.
Setae on legs mostly white, on thorax white, on abdomen short, white, a few dark on apical segments. Hind spurs as long as 1 14 tarsomeres.
Wings: venation pale, interrupted with dark at inter- sections of cross veins; most cross veins dark. Dark marks at base of stigma, both ends of hypostigmatic cell, along CuA, in a line from rhegma toward tip of wing, and at end of CuAs,. On hind wing a dark spot at base of stigma, other- wise unmarked.
102 Psyche [Scptember
In fore wing 3 presectoral cross veins (rarely 2), 6-9 branches of Rs+MA, CuF at or before origin of RS+MA; 8-10 cubital cross veins, not anastomosed; 8 or 9 anal vein- lets, not anastomosed. Hind wing; 1-3, usually 2, presac- torals, 5-8 branches of Rs+MA, CuF before origin of Rs-+ MA.
Measurements (means, in mm.): body length ¢ 17.6, 2 16.7; abdomen ¢ 13.7, ¢ 12.0; fore wing, length ¢ 18.5, © 1k, walla 6 BH, @ ABs joierolnorax 6 23, @ Ze wowed ANKCOTUIOe era A S.A, 2 B.A? amemmae 6 35, @ Bie third segment, labial palpi, length ¢ 0.68, ¢ 0.83, width & Qsl9, @ Ozh.
California: Riverside Co.: Cathedral City, VII-24-50, é, L. W. Isaak (UCD) (holotype, deposited in the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences), VII-21-52, ¢, B. W. Tinglof (UCLA); Indian Wells, VI-17-52, ¢, VII-11-52, 9 (UCLA); Blythe, 17 mi. NW, VII-26-46, P. D. Hurd and W. F. Barr (CIS); Palm Springs, VIII-8-56, ¢, L. A. Stange (Stange Coll.). Imperial Co.: Fort Yuma, 6-15-48, é, 6-13-48, ¢, W. B. Andahl (MCZ), June 1948, 9, R. Coleman (CIS).
Arizona: Yuma Co.: Welton, VI-28-50, 2 ¢, 1 9, R. F. Smith (AMNH).
Baja California: San Felipe, VI-18-39, Michelbacher and Ross (CAS).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6
Figures 33-46. Fig. 33. Hesperoleon fidelitas, holotype, gonarcus and parameres, posterior view. Fig. 34. Same, lateral view. Fig. 35. H. minus- culus. gonarcus and parameres, posterior view (Whitewater, Riverside Co., Calif.). Fig. 36. H. niger, gonarcus and parameres, posterior view (3 mi. N. of Payson, Gila €o., Aviz.). Pig. 37. Same, lateral view. Mig: 38. H. minusculus, gonarcus and parameres, lateral view. Fig. 39. H. mfuscatus, gonarcus and parameres, posterior view (Antioch, Calif.). Fig. 40. Same, side view. Fig. 41. H. deflexus, allotype, head. Fig. 42. H, texanus, gonarcus and parameres, posterior view (sac inverted). (Mill Creek, San Bernardino Mts.. Calif., 6000 ft.). Fig. 43. Same, lateral view. Fig. 44. H. infuscatus, apex of abdomen, laterial view (Cajon Pass, San Bernardino Co., Calif.). Fig. 45. Same, ventral view. Fig. 46. Scale for gonarcus and parameres only.
Vou. 63, PLATE 6
PsycHeE, 1956
NTIDAE
ADAMS — MyRMELEO
104 Psyche [September
A little smaller than H. apache Banks, and not closely resembling any other species of Hesperoleon.
Hesperoleon infuscatus, new species Figures 4, 39, 40, 44, 45
Face pale, antennal band straight-margined below, with a thin line extending toward clypeus. First vertex row far forward, a strongly curved band, separated medially from antennal band by a pale spot; in most specimens the ends fused with antennal band. Second vertex row often connect- ed medially with first, consists of an irregular, medially thickened band each side, often connected. Labial palpi slender, the apical segment slender, pointed, shiny-fuscous; maxillary palpi dark. Scape dark below, pale above; pedicel dark, flagellum dark, last ten (more or less) segments with broad apical pale bands on ventral side. Pronotum distinct- ly broader than length at center, submedian stripes fairly straight; laterals very wide behind furrow, narrowly sepa- rated from medians by pale, before furrow narrow and curving to fuse with medians at anterior margin. Space between bands suffused with fuscous at, and sometimes behind, furrow. Submarginal stripe a thin line curving back from furrow, often absent. Mesoscutellum with two long, well-separated dark stripes, metascutellar stripes fused for about two-thirds their length. Coxae pale medially, dark laterally; fore femur dark-striped posteriodorsally, mid and hind femora wholly dark but for ventral pale stripe. Fore tibia infuscated posteriorly, with dark subbasal and apical bands; mid tibia with dark basal, subbasal, preapical, and apical bands; hind tibia with subbasal and apical bands, and a thin ventral dark line. Tarsal segments pale, dark- banded apically, segments three and four more so than others.
Abdomen (¢): dark, with dorsal pale stripe each side extending to sixth segment. Ectoprocts long: (about 1 % times as long as 8th abdominal tergite, which is short, 1.3 times as long as high) extend straight back, viewed from side; from above, bent into lyriform curve. Mediuncus arms spread widely; parameres form a flat plate from the lateral margins of which the hooks emerge and bend
1956] Adams — Myrmeleontidae 105
straight back. (¢): the pale stripes thinner, may extend to tip of abdomen, or be absent.
Setae on legs mostly black (some white on coxae) ; on thorax mostly white, stiff, short; on abdomen mostly white, short, male with many long black setae on apical segments. Hind spurs as long as 1 14 tarsal segments.
Wings: venation of fore and hind wings mostly dark, the longitudinal and some cross veins interrupted with pale; membrane narrowly brown-fuscous bordering dark veins; dark spots at inner side of stigma, along R at intersections of cross veins, along CuA, at rhegma, in apical field, and at end of CuA.. Hind wing similarly marked, but not so heavily.
Fore wing: 3 presectoral cross veins (rarely 4 or 5), usually the outer one connected to first cross vein beyond origin of Rs+MA; Rs+MA 8-11 branched; 11-15 basal cubital cross veins, 3-10 (usually 5 or 6) connected; 9-12 (usually 10 or 11) anal veinlets. Hind wing: 2 or 3 pre- sectorals; Rs+MA 8-11 (usually 9 or 10) branched; 5-7 inner cubital veinlets.
Measurements (means, in mm.): body length ¢ 35.8, 2 26.7; abdomen ¢ 29.5, ° 20.2; fore wing 6 25.4, 9 26.9, width ¢ 6.3, @ 6.9; antennae ¢ 7.0, @ 5.7; third segment, labial palpus, ¢ 0.77, ¢ 0.85, width ¢ 0.17, ¢@ 0.21; pro- notum, length at center, ¢ 1.12, @ 1.19, width ¢ 1.81, ¢ 1.81; pterothorax ¢ 4.0, 9 4.4; third abdominal tergite 6 6.5, 9 6.2.
California: Contra Costa Co.: Antioch, V-24-49, 2 ¢ (one the holotype), 1 @ (allotype), J. W. Mac Swain COAS) WE24-49°0 4 Po Dy Hurd (CIS), Vi-4-42, 19. 2) 9, E. C. Van Dyke (CAS); VI-20-37, ¢, E.'S. Ross (CAS) ; V-27-50, °, S. F. Bailey and R. M. Bohart (UCD); VI-8- 39, 4 ¢, R. M. Bohart (CIS); VI-2-40, ¢, B. Brockman (CIS) ; V-20-33, ¢@, E. O. Essig (CIS). San Bernardino Co.: Cajon Pass, VI-16-46, 3 ¢, 38 9, E. G. Linsley (CIS).
This species has a dark brown facies, similar to that of H. curriet Banks, from which it may be distinguished by the short 8th abdominal segment in the male, which is
106 Psyche [September
longer than the ectoprocts in curriei, by the parameres, which are not formed as hooks, like those of cwrriei, and by the evenly infuscated femora — dotted in curriei. It is much more robust than brunneus, the ectoprocts of which have a preapical lobe on the median side, and the femora of which are dotted.
Tyttholeon, new genus Figures 7, 8, 11, 12
Belongs to the Brachynemurini.
Labial palpi short, apical segment not swollen; antennae stout, strongly clavate. Legs fairly stout, tibial spurs ab- sent, first tarsal segment two-thirds length of next three together. Abdomen much shorter than wings, of same length in male as in female. Many long white setae present on femora, coxae, and thorax (except metanotum).
Fore wing: costal area narrow, the cells more than twice as long as high; Rs+MA originates only slightly proximal to cubital fork; cubital fork acute. A, straight, connected to CuA, by one or two cross veins; A» unbranched; A; fork- ed near margin. Banksian lines absent. Hind wing: costal area narrow; only one row of cross veins between cubital veinlets; CuAs, reaches margin before CuF; at most one cross vein between CuA, and CuA, beyond fork. Banksian lines absent. Pilula axillaris present in male.
Tyttholeon is most likely to be confused with Maracan- dula Currie, since both of these genera lack spurs. In Mara- candula, the first tarsomere is longer than the following three together. The venation is much less dense in Tyttho- leon, and Rs+MA originates farther out on the wing; in Maracandula the costal cells are higher than long. The white setae on legs and thorax are not nearly so long as the macrochetae of Maracandula. There is no similarity be- tween the internal genitalia. Maracandula (Figures 9, 10) has on the paramere a lateral, heavily sclerotized ligulate lobe, and a sharp ridge on the posterior face. In T. puerilis the parameres are folded in a complex manner, but have no conspicuous heavily sclerotized hooks or lobes.
Generotype the following species:
1956] Adams — Myrmeleontidae 107
Tyttholeon puerilis, new species Figures 7, 8, 11, 12
Face pale, brown spot above posterior articulation of mandible and at joint of cardo and stipes; brown band be- tween bases of antennae, emarginate below; vertex with an anterior row of three brown spots, middle row of two black marks connected by a line, and a posterior row of three brown spots. Last segment of labial palpi short, slender, curved, fuscous. Antennae short, heavily clavate; scape pale with apical fuscous ring; pedicel dark; flagellum 23- 24 segmented, the first two or three segments more or less fused, shiny-fuscous basally, reddish brown in middle; a dark band at base of club, club yellow-buff.
Pronotum pale, a single dark band each side, narrower in front of furrow, often interrupted at furrow. Scutelli pale with bilobed anterior brown spot and thin median posterior black line. Coxae with basal and preapical brown spots, connected on mid and hind coxae. Femora pale, an apical dark stripe on posterior side of fore-femur, anterior side of mid and hind femora. Fore and mid tibiae with sub- basal and preapical dark bands, hind tibiae pale. Tarso- meres pale with narrow apical dark bands.
Abdomen (é): brown, first tergite dark, second with narrow pale band and a pair of large posterior pale spots, third and fourth tergites with paired basal, intermediate, and apical spots, remaining segments with basal and apical spots only. Gonarcus and parameres (Figures 11, 12). Ectoprocts short, slightly produced posteriad below. (¢): tergites dark with a pair of apical pale spots on each.
Many prominent setae on thorax, coxae, and femora. Most tibial setae black. Abdominal setae white, black on ectoprocts and terminal segments of female.
Wings: longitudinal veins pale, interrupted with dark at intersections of cross veins. Cross veins almost all dark, the membrane beside them bordered with dark, giving an effect of uniformly distributed short transverse brown dashes over wing; somewhat paler on hind wing.
108 Psyche [September
Fore wing: 3 presectorals, Rs+MA 4-6 branched; 6-9 basal cubital cross veins; 6-10 anal veinlets. Hind wing: 1 or 2 presectoral cross veins; Rs+MA 4-6 branched; CuA, 5-8 branched; 4-7 basal cubital cross veins; 3-5 inner cubital veinlets.
Measurements (mm. means in parentheses) : body length 10.2-14.5 (12.0) ; abdomen 6.8-10.0 (8.2) ; fore wing, length 13.0-17.7 (14.4). width ¢ 2.8-3.9 (3.24), @ 3:1-4.8 (3.6); last segment, labial palpus 0.23-0.34 (¢ 0.380, ¢@ 0.25); antennae 2.3-2.8 (2.6); pterothorax 1.9-2.8 (2.27); third abdominal tergite 1.5-2.5 (¢ 2.02, 9? 1.84); pronotum, length at middle 0.56-0.85 (0.69), width 0.75-1.14 (0.95).
Calijonnias Mono. Co. Near lonazya iol o-onh arcane Comstock (LAM); Inyo Co.: Furnace Creek, Death Valley IV-18-49, 2 ¢, 1 ¢, O. Bryant (CAS); Death Valley, IV 1920, ¢, J. D. Gander (CAS). San Bernardino Co.: Provi- dence Mts., VI-1-37, ¢, R. H. Andrews (LAM); Needles, V-8-39, Van Duzee (CAS). Riverside Co.: Palm Springs, VI-27-39, 246, 42, E. G. Linsley (CIS) (type 6 and allo- type @ in the Calif. Acad. of Sciences). San Diego Co.: Borego, IV-9-40, 1¢ 1¢, Sperry (MCZ); San Felipe Can- yon, IV-18-25, ¢, at light Timberlake (UCR).
Arizona: Yuma Co.: Mohawk, IV-10-47, 24 22; Sperry (MCZ) ; Aztec, VI-16-54,1¢ 5¢, Stange & Menke (Stange Coll.).
A TECHNIQUE FOR SHIPPING HIPPOBOSCID PUPARIA (DIPTERA)!
By I. BARRY TARSHIS 812 Montclaire Ave., Frederick, Maryland
Special techniques have been developed for shipping dipterous insects. Geigy (1948) devised and used a cold temperature cabinet which was kept at 8.0° C. (46.8° F.) for shipping adult tsetse flies of the species Glossina palpalis from Tropical Africa (Congo) to Basle, Switzer- land, via air express. Brennan and Mail (1954) success- fully shipped adult mosquitoes of the species Culex tarsalis in a cold temperature cabinet that employed Sno-Gel Re- freezants (Model R10-8) for temperature control. Adult hippoboscid flies of the species Pseudolynchia canariensis were successfully shipped via air express in cardboard mailing tubes for a distance of several hundred miles by the writer (Tarshis, 1953). (This method was only suc- cessful when transit took but a day to a day and a half and the temperature was moderate.) The author (Tarshis, 1954) also transported live hippoboscid flies (Stiubometopa umpressa and Lynchia hirsuta) in a cold temperature cabinet, maintained at around 7.0° C. (44.6° F.), distances of 70 to 300 miles in an automobile.
During studies now being conducted by the author on the biology of Egyptian hippoboscids, an attempt was made to again ship live adult flies in mailing tubes, but the flies always arrived dead. The great distance and consequent time involved in shipping flies from Egypt to Maryland readily explains this lack of success. No attempt was made to ship the flies in refrigerated con-
* The author wishes to express sincere appreciation to Lt. Com. Harry Hoogstraal, Head, Zoology Dept., NAMRU —83, Cairo, Egypt for obtain- ing and sending the puparia and for his continuing help and interest in this work.
109
110 Psyche [September
tainers, aS was accomplished in the above described works, since the cost of such containers and their shipment would be prohibitive; it is also doubtful if any commonly avail- able refrigerants would maintain the necessary low tem- perature over such a prolonged period (10 to 15 days).
The problem of how to ship live adult hippoboscid flies such a long distance was obviated when experiments showed that puparia of the flies could be shipped this distance economically, simply and most successfully via air express.
The puparia were packed in the following manner for shipment. Several puparia were loosely wrapped in a piece of cleansing tissue and then the tissue-wrapped puparia were put into a shell vial which had a small piece of cotton in the bottom. The number of puparia in a vial would vary with the size of the puparia and the vial. For these shipments a maximum of five puparia of Hip- pobosca longipennis and three puparia of H. equina were placed in each 15 & 40 mm. vial. The puparia could also be put one or two at a time unwrapped into the vials with cotton under and over each succeeding one or two puparia. The vial was plugged with cotton or capped with a plastic screw-on cap. Five or six vials were then placed into a cardboard mailing tube padded all around the inside and bottom with cotton to prevent the vials from breaking and the puparia from being severely jarred.
Upon arrival in Frederick, Maryland, the puparia were removed from the vials and placed into individual rear- ing vials (25 « 55 mm.) covered with 10-mesh nylon bebbinette. The vials containing the puparia were then placed into an incubator set at 26.5° C. (79.7° F.). Adult flies of H. longipennis emerged from puparia in from 26 to 381 days (from the date of collection in Egypt to date of emergence in Maryland). Adult flies of H. equina emerged in 29 days under the same conditions. This ship- ping method could be employed for puparia of all viviparous flies.
1956] Tarshis — Hippoboscids 111
LITERATURE CITED
Geicy, R. 1948. Elevage de Glossina palpalis. Acta Tropica, 5:201-218. BRENNAN, J. M., and Matz, G. A. 1954. A technic for shipping live mosquitoes with particular reference to Culex tarsalis. Science, 119 (3092) :443-444.
Tarsuis, I. B.
1953. The transmission of Haemoproteus lophortyx O’Roke of the valley California quail by hippoboscid flies of the species stalbome- topa impressa (Bigot) and Lynchia hirsuta Ferris and the elucida- tion of the biology of these ectoparasites. Manuscript of Ph.D. Thesis, Deposited in Library, University of California, Berkeley, California.
Tarsuis, I. B. 1954. Transporting live hippoboscids (Diptera). Psyche, 61(2) :58-62.
112 Psyche [September
Two CASES OF INTESTINAL MYIASIS IN MAN PRODUCED BY HERMETIA (DIPTERA: STRATIOMYIIDAE). —In the late sum- mer of 1955 a man living in Tucson brought in a larval Hermetia, probably in its final instar, that had been passed with the stools. He reported that he had had a series of symptoms that might be traced to the myiasis, beginning with gastric upset several months before, passing through diarrhea and ending in uneasiness in the lower tract. The specimen was alive when he brought it in but, unfortu- nately, it escaped. It agreed well with Hermetia larvae in our collections but a specific name could not be assigned. This year, October 15, 1956, another man brought in a larva passed with the stools and in this case reported that he had noticed no symptoms at all. The larva was active at first but soon became quiescent and had obviously pupated. A female adult of Hermetia allucens (L.) emerged on the morning of October 23. Since both of these cases occurred within the area of metropolitan Tucson, in an area of about 200,000 population, myiasis by this fly may be more common than has been reported. Both cases were in residents in semirural areas, the man who played host for the 1955 specimen not having been outside the area for at least six months before the larva was re- covered. The 1956 infestation may have originated some- where else, since the man infested had returned from an extended trip in Mexico the month before. — FLOYD G. WERNER, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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PSYCHE
A JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY
ESTABLISHED IN 1874
December 19565 1 No 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Indo-Australian Species of the Ant Genus Strumigenys Fr. Smith: Three New Philippine Species. W. L. Brown, Jr. i . 118
The Collembola of Lebanon and Western Syria. Part I. General Considerations and the Family Onychiuridae. K. Christiansen 119
Flight Activities of the Ant Dolichoderus (Hypoclinea) marae Forel.
Mary Talbot . i : s ; f 5 ; : : : . 134 Veromessor lobognathus in North Dakota (Hymenoptera: Formici-
dae). G. C. Wheeler and J. Wheeler .. : : ; : . 140 The Synonymy and Relationships of the Ant Pseudolasius bayont
Menozzi. W. L. Brown, Jr. ; ‘ : : : ; : . 146 Index to Authors : ; : : ; : A : : : . 147
Index to Subjects i ‘ ‘ ; ; al Ue ; 5 ‘ . 148
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OFFICERS FOR 1956-57 President . : : : : ; . PP. A. ADAMS
Vice-President . : ; A : B. R. HEADSTROM Secretary . : ; : : : . R. B. WILLEY Treasurer . : : : ; 2 F. M. CARPENTER
: . <A. G. HUMES ; : . §. K. HARRIS
EDITORIAL BOARD OF PSYCHE
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Vol6s a! December, 1956 ‘No. 4
THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF THE ANT GENUS STRUMIGENYS FR. SMITH: THREE NEW PHILIPPINE SPECIES! BY WILLIAM L. BROWN, JR. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University
This paper is a further contribution in a series which, when complete, will cover the Indo-Australian portion of the world fauna of the dacetine ant genus Strumigenys FY. Smith. Previous parts, the first two of which include ex- planations of the abbreviations used for citing measure- ments and indices, are in Psyche 60: 85-89 (1953), 60: 160-166 (1954) and 61: 68-73 (1954).
The last reference just cited contains the description of S. chapmani Brown, from the Philippines, a species that is very difficult to assign to any species group. There are also known from the same islands a member of the szalayi group (australis or near); an undescribed species, apparently nearest S. koningsbergeri Forel; a member of the “‘Labi- dogenys’”” complex, probably new, and four species of the godeffroyt group, including S. godeffroyt Mayr and the three forms described here for the first time. This makes a total of eight known Struwmigenys, which is undoubtedly only a fraction of the number actually to be found in the Philippines.
So far as can be determined from the present samples, the Philippine Strumigenys fauna is Indo-Malayan in affinities, with also an element (australis) of probable Papuasian
' Published with the aid of a grant from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College.
113
114 Psyche [December
origin. As elsewhere in the East Indies, species endemism is high. Strumigenys esrossi, new species
Holotype worker: TL 2.4, HL 0.62, ML 0.28, WL 0.60; cI 72, MI 45.
Head and mandibles in general form much like those of godeffroyi; the occipital lobes with a feeble indication of dorsal depression and another extremely feeble depression in the center of the cephalic dorsum at eye level. Mandibles only very feebly arcuate; dorsal tooth of apical fork nearly twice as long as the ventral; the latter parallel and with two small acute intercalary denticles on its inner margin. Pre- apical spiniform tooth distant by about 114 times its own length, situated at approximately the apical third of the length of the shaft, a little more than half as long as the dorsal apical tooth. Alitrunk slender, pronotum depressed, forming a nearly straight gentle slope in profile, continu- ous with the anterior mesonotum; posterior mesonotum rather strongly and broadly concave, continuous with the very feebly convex propodeal dorsum; metanotal groove ab- sent. Propodeal teeth spiniform, but enveloped in infra- dental lamella, which is acute at their tips and broad and weakly convex below; spongiform tissue not or extremely slightly developed on the lateral faces of the lamellae. Petio- lar node long and low, gently rounded above and with a gentle anterior slope. Spongiform tissue reduced to moder- ate posterolateral flaps and a strong mid-ventral band. Postpetiole moderate in size, nearly twice as broad as petiolar node, convex, finely and densely striolate-punctu- late longitudinally, opaque. Anterolateral spongiform ap- pendages less well developed than in godeffroyt. Basigas- tric costulae a broad band of extremely fine, dense longi- tudinal striolation extending about half the length of the basal tergite, and behind this extending briefly as indefi- nite traces, although the surface here is generally smooth and shining. Mandibles fairly smooth, shining. Rest of body densely punctulate and opaque, including sides of alitrunk.
Pilosity consisting, except for a few short clavate hairs
1956 | Brown — Philippine Strumigenys 115
at the gastric apex, entirely of short, appressed, whitish spatulate hairs, only moderately distinct on the head, where they are largest posteriorly; reduced, few and scarcely visible at all on alitrunk; a few, inconspicuous, on the petio- lar and postpetiolar nodes. Hairs on scape border slender spatulate, subappressed and directed toward the scape apex. Gastric dorsum with very indistinct, small, fine appressed hairs, (color sordid yellowish ferruginous; dorsum of head feebly darkened in the middle. ;
Holotype [California Academy of Sciences] one of 21 workers taken at San José, Mindoro I., Philippine Islands, from a nest in a small cavity in the soil, 3 inches below the surface (EK. S. Ross leg.).
Paratype workers: 20 workers from type nest series; numerous workers from near Dumaguete, Negros Oriental, Philippines (probably chiefly from the Cuernos Mts.) (J. W. Chapman and D. Empeso); one worker from MCZ