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Journal of the

New York Entomological Society

published by

The New York Entomological Society

Contents Volume 99, 1991, Numbers 1-4

Number 1

Revision of the genus Thyanta StM, 1862 (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) I. South America D. A. Rider and J. B. Chapin 1-77

Two new Neotropical genera of Trepobatinae (Gerridae: Heteroptera)

John T. Polhemus 78-86

A new coleopteroid lethaeine from southern South America (Hemiptera: Lygaei- dae: Rhyparochrominae) J. E. O’Donnell 87-96

Two new species of Caliothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and a key to the Ne- arctic species Sueo Nakahara 97-103

The tribe Opisthiini (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Description of the larvae, note on habitat, and brief discussion on its relationship

Yves Bousquet and Ales Smetana 104-1 14

Synonymical notes on North American Platynini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with special reference to names proposed by T. L. Casey, and a redescription of Agonum imitans Notman James K. Liebherr 1 15-124

Description of a new species of Placonotus MacLeay from Kenya, with notes on the male terminalia of other African species (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) (sens, lat.): Laemophloeinae) M. C. Thomas 125-131

The larva of Blepharidatta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

George C. Wheeler and Jeanette Wheeler 132-137

Anochetus brevidentatus, new species, a second fossil Odontomachiti ant (Hy- menoptera: Formicidae) William P. MacKay 138-140

Number 2

A revision of the fire ants, Solenopsis geminata group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae:

Myrmicinae) James C. Trager 141-198

New Nearctic Chloroperlidae (Plecoptera)

Boris C. Kondratiejf and Ralph F. Kirchner 199-203

A review of the veliid fauna of bromeliads, with a key and description of a new species (Heteroptera: Veliidae) John T. Polhemus and Dan A. Polhemus

Distributional data and new synonymy for species of Halobates Eschscholtz (Het- eroptera: Gerridae) occurring on Aldabra and nearby atolls, Western Indian Ocean Dan A. Polhemus and John T. Polhemus

A new genus of mirine plant bugs, Gracilimiris, with three new species from North America (Heteroptera: Miridae) Gary M. Stonedahl and Thomas J. Henry

Antiteuchus ruckesi, a new discocephaline from Peru (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

L. H. Rolston

Contemporary records of Brachysteles parvicornis (Costa) in the United States (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) John D. Lattin and Adam Asquith

Descriptions of nymphs of the delphacid planthopper Pissonotus delicatus (Ho- moptera: Fulgoroidea) Stephen W. Wilson and James H. Tsai

Males of Tachiona deplanata Sharp and T. nitida Ashe (Coleoptera: Staphylin- idae) with notes on the habitat of these species James S. Ashe

The biology and zoogeography of the legume-feeding Patagonian-Fuegian white butterfly Tatochila theodice (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Arthur M. Shapiro

Description of mature larva and nesting behavior of Pseudoscolia martinezi Suarez (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) J. D. Asis, S. F. Gayubo and J. Tormos

A new species of Calathotarsus (Araneae: Migidae) from Chile

Pablo A. Golobojf

A new species of Gelotia (Araneae: Salticidae) from Sri Lanka

D. P. Wijesinghe

Book Review

Invertebrates B. Bain

Erratum

Number 3

Contributions on the Natural History and Systematics of the Heteroptera and Coleoptera in honor of James A. Slater

Jim Slater, then and now Jane O Donnell and Randall Schuh

James A. Slater, Herpetology’s loss, Hemipterology’s gain

Richard M. Baranowski

Bibliography of James A. Slater, 1943-present

Cimicomorpha

Phylogenetic analysis of Cimicomorphan family relationships (Heteroptera)

Randall T. Schuh and Pavel Stys

Revision of Keltonia and the cotton fleahopper genus Pseudatomoscelis, with the description of a new genus and an analysis of their relationships (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae) Thomas J. Henry

204-216

217-223

224-234

235-239

240-241

242-247

248-250

251-260

261-266

267-273

274-277

278-280

280

281-283

284-286

287-297

298-350

351-404

Plant bugs of Quercus ilicifolia : myriads of mirids (Heteroptera) in pitch pine- scrub oak barrens A. G. Wheeler, Jr.

Pentatomomorpha

A survey of male genitalia in lethaeine genera (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae: Rhyparo- chrominae) Jane E. O ’Donnell

A new genus and new species of Rhyparochrominae (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) from western North America Merrill H. Sweet

Ligyrocoris (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae: Rhyparochrominae) male-produced scents suggest a biochemical character system for systematic analysis

B. J. Harrington

Hemiptera-Heteroptera from Mexico XLIII. A new genus and three new species of Neotropical Micrelytrinae (Alydidae) collected on bamboos

Harry Brailovsky

Leptopodomorpha

A revision of the Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera) of Madagascar and nearby Indian Ocean islands John T. Polhemus and Dan A. Polhemus

Coleoptera

Notosphindus slateri, a new genus and species of Sphindidae (Coleoptera: Cucu- joidea) from Australia Joseph V. McHugh and Quentin D. Wheeler

Number 4

Review of the genus Microschatia (Sober) (Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera)

K. W. Brown and J. T. Doyen

Rhyssocephala, new genus, with the description of three new species (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) D. A. Rider

Two new species of Teratembiidae (Embiidina) from Argentina

Claudia A. Szumik

Egg ultrastructure and descriptions of nymphs of Pelocoris poeyi (Guerin Mene- ville) (Hemiptera: Naucoridae) Robert W. Sites

Four new species of the Neotropical genus Theraneis Spinola (Hemiptera: Het- eroptera: Largidae) Harry Brailovsky

A genetic marker for investigating paternity and maternity in the burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis (Coleoptera: Silphidae)

Stephen T. Trumbo and Anthony J. Fiore

A new species of Ophraella Wilcox (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the south- eastern United States Douglas J. Futuyma

Oviposition behavior of the apple blotch leafminer, Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Thomas A. Green and Ronald J. Prokopy

Biology and immature stages of Chlorops certimus and Epichlorops exilis (Diptera: Chloropidae), stem-borers of wetland sedges

T. P. Rogers, B. A. Foote, and J. L. Todd

405-440

441-470

471-477

478-486

487—495

496-526

527-537

539-582

583-610

611-621

622-629

630-636

637-642

643-653

654-663

664-683

Relationships between sizes of morphological features in worker honey bees {Apis

mellifera) Steven A. Kolmes and Yacoba Sam 684-690

A new species of Drymusa (Araneae: Scytodoidea) from Argentina

Pablo A. Goloboff and Martin J. Ramirez 691-695

Scientific Notes

New distributional records for the ant genus Ponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in North America William P. MacKay and Robert S. Anderson 696-699

Notes on the biology and behaviour of Eupastranaia fenestrata Menetries (Lep- idoptera: Pyralidae: Midilinae)

Marina C. P. Pimentel Margarete V. Macedo, and Ricardo F. Monteiro 699-700

Designation of a type species for Macrochlidia Brown (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

John W. Brown 701

Corrigendum 701

Book Reviews

Moths of Australia James S. Miller 701-703

The Genetics of Social Evolution John T. Longino 703-704

Honorary, Life, and Sustaining Members 705

Reviewers for 1991 705

Book Review Editor 705

Statement of Ownership, Management, and Circulation 706

Vol. 99

JANUARY 1991

No. 1

Journal

-r5E>

of the

New York

Entomological Society

(ISSN 0028-7199)

Devoted to Entomology in General

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Editor: James K. Liebherr, Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0999 Assistant Editor: E. Richard Hoebeke, Department of Entomology, Com-

stock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0999 Book Review Editor: David A. Grimaldi, Department of Entomology,

American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024

Publications Committee: Randall T. Schuh, American Museum of Natural

History, New York, Chairman; David L. Wagner, University of Con- necticut, Storrs; Alfred G. Wheeler, Jr., Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg.

The New York Entomological Society Incorporating The Brooklyn Entomological Society

President: Durland Fish, Medical Entomology Laboratory, New York

Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595

Vice President: Richard Falco, Westchester County Health Department,

White Plains, New York 10601

Secretary: Christine Falco, Westchester County Health Department, White

Plains, New York 10601

Treasurer: Louis Sorkin, Department of Entomology, American Museum

of Natural History, New York, New York 10024

Trustees: Class of 1989— James S. Miller, Department of Entomology,

American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York; Randall T. Schuh, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York. Class of 1990— Dennis J. Joslyn, Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey; Bernard Fumival, New York, New York.

Annual dues are $23.00 for established professionals with journal, $10.00 without journal, $15.00 for students with journal, $5.00 without journal. Sustaining memberships are $53.00 per year, institutional memberships are $125.00 per year, and life memberships are $300.00. Subscriptions are $45.00 per year domestic, $50.00 Mexico and Canada, $55.00 all other countries. All payments should be made to the Treasurer. Back issues of the Journal of the New York Entomological Society, the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, Entomologica Americana can be purchased from Lubrecht and Cramer, RD 1, Box 244, Forestburgh, New York 12777 . The Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology can be purchased directly from the society at $45.00 per copy, postage paid.

Meetings of the Society are held on the third Tuesday of each month (except June through September) at 7 p.m. in the American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York.

Mailed February 14, 1991

The Journal of the New York Entomological Society (ISSN 0028-7199) is published 4 times per year (January, April, July, October) for the Society by Allen Press, Inc., 1041 New Hampshire, Lawrence, Kansas 66044. Second class postage paid at New York, New York and at additional mailing office. Postmaster: Send address changes to the New York Entomological Society, % American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192. Known office of publication: American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024.

Journal of the New York Entomological Society, total copies printed 700, paid circulation 602, mail subscription 602, free distribution by mail 19, total distribution 621, 79 copies left over each quarter.

THIS PUBLICATION IS PRINTED ON ACID-FREE PAPER.

J. New York Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 1—77, 1991

REVISION OF THE GENUS THYANTA STAL, 1862 (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) I. SOUTH AMERICA

D. A. Rider and J. B. Chapin

Department of Entomology, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center,

Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803

Abstract.— The South American species of the pentatomid genus Thyanta St&l are revised. The species of Thyanta are grouped into three subgenera based primarily on differences and similarities in male and female genitalia. The nominate subgenus contains nine species of which only three are known to occur in South America. The subgenus Phacidium Breddin is exclusively South American and contains eight species. Sixteen of the 20 species of Argosoma, new subgenus occur in South America.

Diagnoses are provided for the genus, subgenera, and the 12 previously described species. Fifteen new species are described: T. ( A .) boliviensis, T. (A.) curvata, T. (A.) emarginata, T. (A.) excavata, T. (A.) hamulata, T. {A.) infuscata, T. (A.) obtusa, T. (A.) sinuata, T. (A.) straminea, T. (A.) vadosa, T. (A.) xerotica, T. (P.) convexa, T. (P.) fimbriata, T. (P.) robust a, T. (T.) rubicunda. The following new synonymy is recognized (junior synonym in parentheses): T. (P.) acutangula Jensen-Haarup, 1928 (=72 mendozana Jensen-Haarup, 1928; =72 crinita Ruckes, 1957); T. (A.) brasiliensis Jensen-Haarup, 1928 (=72 humeralis Ruckes, 1956); T. (A.) patruelis (Stcil, 1859) (=72 humilis Bergroth, 1891; =72 nitidula Ruckes, 1956); and T. (A.) testacea (Dallas, 1851) (=72 signoreti Ruckes, 1956). Lectotypes are designated for Cimex perditor Fabricius, Euschistus adjunctor Walker, E. fasciatus Walker, Pentatoma pdosum Reed, P. tes- tacea, T. acutangula, T. aeruginosa Berg, and T. brasiliensis. A key is provided for the South American species of Thyanta.

The genus Thyanta Stal belongs in section-one of the nominate tribe of the Pen- tatominae; that is, its included species lack a spine or tubercle at the base of the 3rd (2nd visible) abdominal segment. It is also characterized by an elongate ostiolar canal that reaches 3/5 or more of the distance from the mesial margin of the ostiole to the lateral margin of the metapleuron. Rolston (1987) provided a key to this section that separates the seven genera in South America with a similar elongate ostiolar canal.

In the past, identifications in the genus Thyanta have been difficult to make because species characters were based on differences in size and coloration, both of which are extremely variable. To make determinations more manageable the genus has been artifically divided into two groups according to geographical area. The present paper reviews the species of Thyanta that occur in South America.

Much care is required when working with the key to species. In some cases it will be necessary to have specimens of the green form that are not discolored. When mention is made of black or brown markings on the body surface, this refers to true structural coloration. Teneral specimens and specimens of brown forms tend to become greasy and certain structures darken due to discoloration. Often there are no reliable characters to identify female specimens. Characters of the genitalia can usually be seen without dissecting the specimens, but accurate determinations may require some dissection.

2

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 99(1)

When label data is cited in the text each letter in parentheses represents a separate label with (a) being closest to the specimen. Museum acronyms are defined in the acknowledgments. All measurements are in millimeters. Measurements in paren- theses are of the holotype.

Thyanta Stal

Thyanta Stal, 1862a:58; Stal, 1867:529; Stal, 1872:34-35; Distant, 1880:65; Sum- mers, 1898:45; Kirkaldy, 1909:94; Van Duzee, 1917:51; Blatchley, 1926:104, 112- 1 1 3; Jensen-Haarup, 1928:185-186; Furth, 1974:21-22; Froeschner, 1981:71; Mc- Pherson, 1982:48, 76-77; Rolston and McDonald, 1984:74, 76.

Type species. Cimex perditorFabricius, 1794 (by subsequent designation, Kirkaldy, 19Q9:XXX).

Diagnosis. Third (second visible) abdominal stemite lacking medial spine or tu- bercle. Each ostiolar ruga sulcate proximally, reaching at least 3A distance from mesial margin of ostiole to lateral margin of metapleuron. Each buccula evanescent or arcuately truncate at posterior termination. Juga and tylus usually subequal in length; rostrum reaching at least to metacoxae. Femora unarmed; superior surface of each tibia usually sulcate. Width of scutellum at distal end of frena % or less basal scutellar width. Each paramere narrowly rounded to acute apically, lacking denticles, usually lacking lateral lobe, rarely with spinose lateral lobe.

Comments. The genus Thyanta is closely related to Cyptocephala Berg and Tepa Rolston and McDonald, from which it can be reliably separated only by differences in the male genitalia. Species of Cyptocephala and Tepa have the head of each paramere bearing a well-developed, apically rounded lateral lobe. Only two South American species of Thyanta have a similar lateral lobe, but in both species the apex of the lateral lobe is angulate or spinose. Cyptocephala further differs from Tepa and Thyanta in having a row of minute denticles between the lateral lobe and the apex of the paramere.

Jensen-Haarup (1928) described the subgenus Parathyanta within Thyanta. Rol- ston and McDonald (1984) placed Parathyanta as a junior synonym of Cyptocephala. At the same time they transferred four species from Thyanta to Cyptocephala and six species from Thyanta to Tepa. The species of both Cyptocephala and Tepa have been reviewed recently (Rolston 1972, 1986; Rider 1986b).

The genus Thyanta is divided into three subgenera: Argosoma new subgenus, Phacidium Breddin, and Thyanta. Sixteen of the 20 species of Argosoma occur in South America. The eight species of Phacidium are all restricted to South America. The nominate subgenus contains nine species, only three of which are known to occur in South America.

KEY TO SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THYANTA

1. Juga distinctly longer than tylus and leaving small subquadrate sinus in front of tylus (Fig. 49); superior surface of each tibia asulcate; segment 2 of each antenna at least 1.5 times length of segment 3 (southern South America) .... aeruginosa Berg - Juga and tylus subequal in length or tylus slightly longer than juga; superior surface of each tibia sulcate; segment 2 of each antenna at most only slightly longer than segment 3 2

1991

THYANTA OF SOUTH AMERICA

3

2(1). Scutellum with medial longitudinal band calloused, pale (Fig. 357), usually con- tinuing onto pronotum; hemelytral membrane with vague fuscous band from distal end of scutellum to apex (Galapagos Islands) similis Van Duzee

- Scutellum uncalloused, occasionally a thin medial line present on pronotum; hem- elytral membrane not marked as above 3

3(2). Inner basal angle of each hemelytral membrane fuscous (Fig. 337); each humeral angle narrowly rounded to nearly acute, but not spinose (Fig. 337) (Ecuador) . . infuscata, n. sp.

- Inner basal angle of each hemleytral membrane hyaline, although membrane may

have distal brown flecks; each humeral angle variable, but if inner basal angle of hemelytral membrane somewhat brownish then each humeral angle spinose .... 4

4(3). Posterior termination of each buccula roundly truncate (Fig. 50); anterolateral

pronotal margins slightly convex (Fig. 64) (Ecuador, Peru) convexa, n. sp.

- Posterior termination of each buccula evanescent (Fig. 2 1 4); anterolateral pronotal

margins straight to concave 5

5(4). Exocorium and apex of corium stramineous, remainder of corium somewhat translucent, brown to green; anterior disk of pronotum stramineous, contrasting with green to brown posterior disk; humeral angles nearly spinose (Fig. 352) (Colombia, Ecuador) straminea, n. sp.

- Exocorium pale brown to green, concolorous with corium, except sometimes

corium reddish, corium not translucent; coloration of pronotum variable, but if bicolored then humeral angles not spinose 6

6(5). Anterolateral and posterolateral abdominal angles piceous; humeral angles spinose

7

- Anterolateral abdominal angles never piceous; posterolateral abdominal angles

variable; humeral angles variable 8

7(6). Each humeral angle weakly spinose, spines short, protruding beyond base of ad- jacent corium by the width of an eye or less (Fig. 1 6) (Galapagos Islands)

setigera Ruckes

jacent corium by more than the width of an eye (Fig. 1) (southern U.S. to northern Argentina) perditor (Fabricius) (part)

8(6). Ventral surface of each humeral angle distinctly margined with piceous; humeral

angles distinctly angulate or spinose 9

Ventral surface of each humeral angle usually concolorous with rest of propleuron, sometimes becoming reddish or brownish, but not piceous; humeral angles vari- able, but if coloration blackish then humeral angles rounded 10

9(8). Humeral angles robustly spinose, directed anterolaterad (Fig. 1 24); in ventral and dorsal views posterolateral angles of pygophore appearing double-cone-shaped (Figs. 133, 134) (southern Brazil) robusta, n. sp. (part)

- Humeral angles angulate but not spinose, somewhat retrorse (Fig. 109); postero-

lateral angles of pygophore not double-cone-shaped in ventral and dorsal views (Figs. 118, 119) (Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil) acutangula Jensen-Haarup

10(8). Humeral angles distinctly spinose 11

- Humeral angles angulate, narrowly rounded, or broadly rounded 15

11(10). Anterolateral pronotal margins distinctly dentate for 3A distance from head to

humeral angles (Fig. 32); lateral margins of body often pink; postspiracular black spots usually lacking (Chile) rubicunda, n. sp.

- Anterolateral pronotal margins lacking teeth, or at most a few weak teeth near

head; lateral margins of body not pink; postspiracular spots variable 12

12(11). Pronotum with transhumeral reddish band; mesial angles of pronotal cicatrices piceous; postspiracular black spots present; posterior margin of pygophore pro- duced posterodorsad medially, with medial emargination (Figs. 9, 10) (southern U.S. to northern Argentina) perditor (Fabricius) (part)

4

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 99(1)

- Pronotum lacking transhumeral reddish band, or if extensive areas of red present

on pronotum these forming two longitudinally oblong spots near middle on pos- terior disk; mesial angles of pronotal cicatrices and postspiracular spots variable; posterior margin of pygophore not produced medially (Fig. 88), lacking medial emargination 13

13(12). Humeral angles rather robust, directed anterolaterad (Fig. 124); black spot on each posterolateral abdominal angle relatively large, larger than diameter of spi- racle; in ventral and dorsal views posterolateral angles of pygophore appearing double-cone-shaped (Figs. 133, 134) (southern Brazil) robusta, n. sp. (part)

- Humeral angles smaller, directed laterad and usually only slightly anterad (Figs.

139, 154); black spot on each posterolateral abdominal angle lacking or if present smaller than diameter of spiracle; posterolateral angles of pygophore not double- cone-shaped (Figs. 148, 149, 163, 164) 14

14(13). Apex of head broadly rounded (Fig. 140); black spot on each posterolateral ab- dominal angle distinctly present; pygophore in lateral view sinuously convex (Fig.

150); in caudal view posterior pygophoral margin broadly U-shaped (Fig. 147) (southern and central South America) acuta Ruckes

- Apex of head narrowly rounded (Fig. 155); black spot on each posterolateral

abdominal angle lacking or minute; pygophore in lateral view concave (Fig. 165); in caudal view posterior pygophoral margin broadly V-shaped (Fig. 162) (Vene- zuela, Bolivia, Brazil) cornuta Ruckes

15(10). Males 16

- Females 28

1 6( 1 5). Posteroventral surface of pygophore arcuately sulcate; posterior margin of pygo- phore with dense fringe of long hairs (southern South America)

fimbriata, n. sp. (part)

- Posteroventral surface of pygophore asulcate; posterior margin of pygophore with

at most a few short hairs 17

17(16). Posteroventral surface of pygophore arcuately rounded, not produced into blunt

chin-like protuberance (Chile, western Argentina) juvenca St&l (part)

- Posteroventral surface of pygophore produced into blunt chin-like protuberance 18

18(17). In ectal view each paramere armed with either a spinose or angulate lateral lobe

(Figs. 203, 219) 19

Each paramere unarmed laterally 20

19(18). In ectal view lateral lobe of each paramere triangular (Fig. 219); in medial view apex of each paramere curving dorsad and caudad forming a distinct hook (Fig.

217) (Colombia, Peru) hamulata, n. sp. (part)

- In ectal view lateral lobe of each paramere spinose (Fig. 203); in medial view apex

of each paramere curving gently dorsad, but not forming distinct hook (Fig. 20 1 ) (southern South America) acuminata Ruckes (part)

20(19). Lateral walls of genital cup each with elongate black carina; roughened spiculate area on lateral surface of each paramere linear, elongate (Fig. 233) (Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina) boliviensis, n. sp. (part)

- Lateral walls of genital cup each with black tubercle; roughened spiculate area on

lateral surface of each paramere circular, localized 21

21(20). Occurring north of the equator 22

- Occurring south of the equator 26

22(21). Posterior margin of pygophore in caudal view broadly and sinuously V-shaped

(Fig. 302) (Colombia, Venezuela) sinuata, n. sp. (part)

- Posterior margin of pygophore in caudal view broadly U-shaped 23

23(22). In medial view apex of each paramere rounded, angled dorsad nearly 60 degrees

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24(23).

25(24).

26(21).

27(26).

28(15).

29(28).

30(29).

31(28).

32(31).

33(32).

from longitudinal axis of head of paramere (Fig. 287) (Venezuela)

curvata, n. sp. (part)

In medial view apex of each paramere variable, but if rounded then not angled

dorsad beyond 45 degrees from longitudinal axis of head of paramere 24

In ectal view apex of each paramere obtusely rounded (Fig. 312) (Colombia,

Venezuela) obtusa, n. sp. (part)

In ectal view apex of each paramere narrowly rounded to spinose 25

In medial view each paramere with apex straight or bending slightly ventrad (Fig.

272), concave ectal surface oriented more mediad than dorsad (Trinidad and

Tobago, Venezuela) vadosa, n. sp. (part)

In medial view each paramere with apex curving gently dorsad (Fig. 171), concave ectal surface oriented more dorsad than mediad (Lesser Antilles, northern South

America) testacea (Dallas) (part)

In medial view apex of each paramere spinose, lacking obtuse protuberance on

shaft (Fig. 186) (central and southern South America) patruelis (St&l) (part)

In medial view apex of each paramere usually rounded, presence of obtuse pro- tuberance on shaft variable, but if apex of paramere is nearly spinose then pro- tuberance is well-developed 27

In medial view apex of each paramere narrowly rounded, shaft with prominent

obtuse protuberance (Fig. 247) (central and southern South America)

brasiliensis Jensen-Haarup (part)

In medial view apex of each paramere broadly rounded, shaft lacking obtuse protuberance (Fig. 324) (coastal desert from southern Ecuador to northern Chile)

xerotica, n. sp. (part)

Posteromesial angle of each basal plate distinctly and moderately excavated .... 29 Posteromesial angle of each basal plate rounded or only slightly emarginate .... 31 Concavity resulting from excavations in basal plates with sides distinctly divergent

(Fig. 282) (Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela) vadosa, n. sp. (part)

Concavity resulting from excavations in basal plates with sides subparallel or

slightly convergent 30

Concavity resulting from excavations in basal plates nearly as long as wide (Fig.

262); surface of basal plates distinctly rugose; distal end of sclerotized rod nearly

linear, gradually becoming narrower towards apex (Fig. 263) (Peru)

emarginata, n. sp. (part)

Concavity resulting from excavations in basal plates distinctly wider than long (Fig. 267); surface of basal plates weakly rugose; distal end of sclerotized rod

swollen subapically, narrowed apically (Fig. 268) (Colombia, Venezuela)

excavata, n. sp. (part)

Distal end of sclerotized rod nearly linear, gradually becoming narrower towards

apex 32

Distal end of sclerotized rod swollen subapically, narrowed apically 34

Dilation of spermatheca constricted in middle, appearing doubly inflated (Fig.

228) (Colombia, Peru) hamulata, n. sp. (part)

Dilation of spermatheca not constricted in middle, may be narrowed apically, but

appearing as single inflation 33

Dilation of spermatheca with inflated portion abruptly narrowed for apical third, ending near apex of sclerotized rod (Fig. 258) (central and southern South America)

brasiliensis Jensen-Haarup (part)

Dilation of spermatheca with inflated portion not abruptly narrowed, reaching about 3/4 distance from base to apex of sclerotized rod (Fig. 243) (Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina) boliviensis, n. sp. (part)

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34(3 1 ). Spermathecal duct swollen into distinct cylindrical structure below proximal flange

(Fig. 93) (southern South America) fimbriata, n. sp. (part)

Spermathecal duct may be swollen and coiled below proximal flange, but not

forming distinct cylindrical structure 35

35(34). Dorsal punctation minute, dense, surface appearing matte (Chile, western Argen- tina) juvenca St&l (part)

- Dorsal punctation coarse, relatively sparse, surface glossy, shiny 36

36(35). Spermathecal duct with large amount of swelling and coiling below proximal

flange, swelling carrot-shaped (Figs. 183, 198) 37

Spermathecal duct with relatively small amount of swelling and coiling below

proximal flange, swelling not carrot-shaped 38

37(36). Occurring in Lesser Antilles, Colombia, Venezuela, and Surinam

testacea (Dallas) (part)

- Occurring in southern Peru and central Brazil south to Argentina

patruelis (St&l) (part)

38(36). Occurring north of the equator 39

Occurring south of the equator 41

39(38). Usually with two longitudinally oblong reddish transhumeral spots, one on each

side of middle (Colombia, Venezuela) curvata, n. sp. (part)

Dorsal surface lacking all reddish markings 40

40(39). Outer jugal margins subparallel for middle third of distance from eyes to apex of

head (Fig. 309) (Colombia, Venezuela) obtusa, n. sp. (part)

Outer jugal margins sinuous, not parallel (Fig. 301) (Colombia, Venezuela) ....

sinuata, n. sp. (part)

41(38). Occurring in the coastal desert from southern Equador to northern Chile

xerotica, n. sp. (part)

Occurring in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina acuminata Ruckes (part)

Subgenus Thy ant a Stal

Diagnosis. Punctures minute, dense. Posterior termination of bucculae evanescent. Anterolateral pronotal margins straight to concave, sometimes marked with piceous; each humeral angle rounded to angulate, often spinose; pronotal cicatrices sometimes marked with piceous in mesial angles. Ostiolar canals acuminate apically. Superior surface of each tibia sulcate.

Posterior margins of basal plates sinuous, posteromesial angles entire (Fig. 1 3). Distal end of sclerotized rod cone-shaped (Fig. 14); spermathecal bulb digitiform; cylindrical structure present below proximal flange (Fig. 1 5).

Pygophoral opening small, subtended on posteroventral surface by a rectangular or semicircular impression; posterior margin of pygophore straight to concave in caudal view, with medially incised protuberance in middle (Fig. 9). Each paramere F-shaped, obtuse protuberance on shaft usually prominent, apex spinose, ectal surface convex (Fig. 3), roughened spiculate area on lateral surface linear (Fig. 4). Each lateral conjunctival lobe of aedeagus with single spinose diverticulum (Fig. 6); dorsomedial conjunctival lobe usually well-developed (Fig. 7); theca large, subtriangular in lateral view, with dorsolateral protuberance on each side near caudal limit (Fig. 8); medial penial lobes and penisfilum moderate in size.

Comments. Species of the subgenus Thyanta have the pygophoral opening sub- tended by a semicircular or rectangular impression, and the posterior margin is distinctly emarginate medially. Species of Phacidium have the posteroventral surface

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of the pygophore arcuately rounded or sulcate, and the posterior margin not emar- ginate medially. The posteroventral surface of the pygophore in species of Argosoma is produced into a blunt chin-like protuberance. Also, species of Argosoma have the ectal surface of each paramere concave, while it is convex in both Phacidium and Thyanta.

The female genitalia are also useful in separating species of Thyanta and Phacidium. In Thyanta the distal end of the sclerotized rod is cone-shaped, and the spermathecal bulb is digitiform. In Phacidium the distal end of the sclerotized rod is swollen subapically and narrowed distally, and the spermathecal bulb is globose. The female genitalia of both Phacidium and Argosoma are very similar, but females can usually be separated by the relative density of the dorsal punctation. The dorsal punctation is relatively dense in Phacidium, while it is less dense and more coarse in Argosoma.

Thyanta ( Thyanta ) perditor (Fabricius)

Figs. 1-15, Map 1

Cimex perditor Fabricius, 1794:102; Fabricius, 1803:163.

Pentatoma fascifera Palisot de Beauvois, 1817:150, fig. 8. (syn. by Dallas, 1851) Pentatoma collaris Westwood, 1837:40. (syn. by Dallas, 1851)

Cimex transversalis Herrich-Schaffer, 1841:66. (syn. by Dallas, 1851)

Cimex dimidiatus Herrich-Schaffer, 1 84 1 :fig. 629. (syn. by Dallas, 1851)

Pentatoma dimidiatum: Herrich-Schaffer, 1844:94.

Euschistus perditor: Dallas, 1851:206; Walker, 1867:247.

Pentatoma ( Mormidea ) perditor: Guerin-Meneville, 1857:367.

Thyanta perditor: Stal, 1862a:58, Stal, 1862b: 104; Stal, 1868:29; Stal, 1872:34; Uhler, 1872:399 (part); Uhler, 1876:289; Uhler, 1877:404 (part); Distant, 1880:66; Berg, 1884:100; Distant, 1893:333; Lethierry and Severin, 1893:148; Uhler, 1893:705; Uhler, 1894a:230 (part); Uhler, 1894b: 173; Distant, 1900b:432; Van Duzee, 1904: 52, 53 (part); Van Duzee, 1907:9; Kirkaldy, 1909:95; Banks, 1910:90; Zimmer, 1911:14 (part); Barber, 1914:523; Van Duzee, 1917:51-52; Barber, 1923:12; Blatchley, 1926:113, 114-115 (part); Barber, 1939:292-293; Torre-Bueno, 1939: 230; Ruckes, 1957a:l, 20.

Euschistus fasciatus Walker, 1867:245. (syn. by Stal, 1872)

Euschistus adjunct or Walker, 1867:249. (syn. by Stal, 1872)

Diagnosis. Transhumeral rubiginous band usually present; often tylus and vertex of head reddish.

Outer jugal margins sinuous, not parallel (Fig. 2). Each humeral angle spinose, spine directed anterolaterad and protruding beyond adjacent corium by more than half width of eye; anterolateral pronotal margins not piceous, concave in dorsal view (Fig. 1). Mesial comer of each pronotal cicatrice black. Each abdominal stemite with postspiracular black spot on each side. Both anterolateral and posterolateral angles of abdominal stemites usually piceous.

Basal plates in caudoventral view with mesial margins straight to slightly convex, separated basally; posterior margins sinuous (Fig. 1 3). Pygophoral opening subtended by semicircular impression; posterior margin of pygophore produced posterodorsad, in ventral and dorsal views convex medially with small medial V-shaped emargi- nation (Figs. 10, 11); posterior margin concave in lateral view (Fig. 12).

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Types. Fabricius (1794) described Cimex perditor from 222 and 2 66 without des- ignating a holotype or paratypes. The 6 specimen labeled (a) “C: perditor” (b) “Thyan- ta perditor F.” is designated lectotype. The remaining 6 and 292 are designated paralectotypes. They have the following label data: (a) “Thyanta perditor F.” (<3); (a) [green paper; no writing] (b) “Thyanta perditor F.” (2); and (a) [green paper; no writing] (b) “2” (c) “Type” (d) “Thyanta perditor F.” (2). All four specimens, which are housed in the Universetetes Zoologiske Museum (Copenhagen, Denmark), were examined.

Pentatoma fascifera Palisot de Beauvois, P. collaris Westwood, Cimex transversalis Herrich-Schaffer, and C. dimidiatus Herrich-Schaffer were all placed as junior syn- onyms of T. perditor by Dallas (1851). The type specimens of Herrich-Schaffer are apparently no longer in existence, but the descriptions, including the figure of C. dimidiatus, agree reasonably well with T. perditor. The type specimens for P. fascifera and P. collaris were not examined.

Pentatoma fascifera was described from Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Palisot de Beauvois, 1817). Although its description is rather short, it does not differ in any significant way from T. perditor. Also, T. perditor is the only species of Thyanta in the Dominican Republic that has distinctly spinose humeral angles.

Westwood (1837) described P. collaris from the island of St. Vincent in the West Indies. Its description fits T. perditor in all respects, and T. perditor is the only species of Thyanta with distinctly spinose humeral angles that occurs on St. Vincent.

Walker (1867) described Euschistus fasciatus and E. adjunctor. Both of these species were placed as junior synonyms of T. perditor by Stal (1872). In neither case did Walker designate a holotype or paratypes, and it is difficult to ascertain how many specimens he examined. Euschistus fasciatus was described from at least two spec- imens, but only one syntype was located. It is here designated lectotype and has the following label data: (a) “Type” (b) “58.135 Mex. (Oajaca)” (c) “12. EUSCHISTUS FASCIATUS.” [dorsal surface], “West Indies” [ventral surface]. Only one syntype of E. adjunctor was located. This specimen, labeled (a) “Type” (b) “Belize” [dorsal surface], “51 117” [ventral surface] (c) “39. EUSCHISTUS ADJUNCTOR.” [dorsal surface], “O varius aut ochraceus, dense p” [ventral surface], is designated lectotype. Both lectotypes were examined and are typical specimens of T. perditor, both are conserved at the British Museum of Natural History (London, England).

At one time Euschistus rubiginosus Dallas was considered a synonym of T. perditor.

Figs. 1-15. T. perditor. 1. Habitus. 2. Head. 3-5. Right paramere. 3. Medial view. 4. Lateral view. 5. Ectal view. 6-8. Theca and related structures. 6. Ventral view. 7. Dorsal view. 8. Lateral view. 9-12. Pygophore. 9. Caudal view. 10. Ventral view. 11. Dorsal view. 12. Lateral view. 13. Genital plates, caudoventral view. 14. Spermatheca. 15. Spermathecal pump. Symbols: bp, basal plate; cyl, cylindrical structure below proximal flange; dfl, distal flange; dmc, dorsomedial conjunctibal lobe; dsp, dilation of spermatheca; gx2, second gonacoxa; jug, juga; lcl, lateral conjunctival lobe; mpl, median penial lobe; pen, penisfilum; pfl, proximal flange; pla, postero- lateral angle of pygophore; pmp, posterior margin of pygophore; pt8, eighth paratergite; pt9, ninth paratergite; rsa, roughened spiculate area on lateral surface of paramere; spb, spermathecal bulb; sr, sclerotized rod; slO, tenth stemite; th, theca; tyl, tylus.

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Rider (1986a), however, examined the holotype and determined that it was a species of Euschistus and a senior synonym of E. incus Rolston.

Distribution. Thyanta perditor is the most widely distributed species in the genus, occurring from the southern United States to northern Argentina (Map 1).

Specimens examined. 167 specimens collected during every month of the year; deposited in AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CELM, CU, DAR, DBT, EGER, FSCA, HAS, LHR, QCAZ, SMEK, UCB, UNAM, UNCM, USNM. COLOMBIA: La Ceja, S. H. Antioquia: Bello; Medellin Valley; Sopetran; Union. Cundinamarca: Silvania, 60 km SW Bogota. Magdalena: San Jeronimo; Santa Marta. Tolima: 9 km NW Espinal. Valle del Cauca: Bitaco Valley, 1 km above Bitaco; Buga; Palmira; Pance, 1 1 km S Cali; 1 km W Yumbo. VENEZUELA: El Valle. Lara: Sarare. Monagas: 4 km S El Rosario. SURINAM: Paramaribo: Paramaribo. FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne: Ma- couria. ECUADOR: Bucay; Coto Callao; Juive; Oriente Rio Negro; Pallatanga. Co- topaxi: Pifo. Imbabura: Chachimbiro; Ibarra. Morona-Santiago: Macas, Rio Upano. Napo: Baeza. Pichincha: Cugobambilla; Diluriguin; H. la Esperie; Palmeras; Po- masqui; Puembo; Pululahua; Quito; San Rafael; Tandapi; Valle de los. Tungurahua: Ambato Mulalillo. PERU: Valle Chanchamayo. Amazonas: Bagua Chica. Ayacucho: Huanta; Rio Pampas. Cuzco: Macchupichu. Huanuco: 30 mi NE Huanuco; Pozuzo; Tingo Maria. Junin: Estancia Naranjal San Ramon. Lima: Barranca; Lima. BOLIV- IA: Prov. Sara; Tropical. Chuquisaca: Monteagudo. Cochabamba: Prov. Chapare, Alto Palmar; Prov. Chapare, Chapare; Prov. Chapare, Christal-Mayu. La Paz: Co- roico; Yungas de La Paz. Santa Cruz: Prov. Ichilo, Buena Vista. BRAZIL: Warta PR. Ceara: Barbalha. Mato Grosso: 35 mi W Araguaia; Independencia. Minas Gerais: Vifosa. Para: Almeirim, Sao Raimundo. Parana: 20 mi S Pato Branco. Sao Paulo: Barretos; 10 mi S Guapara. ARGENTINA: Jujuy. Misiones. Salta: Campo Santos de Salta.

Comments. Only three species of the nominate subgenus occur in South America, T. perditor, T. rubicunda, and T. setigera. Thyanta setigera occurs only on the Ga- lapagos Islands and can usually be recognized by the relatively short humeral spines that protrude beyond the base of the adjacent corium by less than the width of an eye. Thyanta rubicunda can be identified by the strong denticulations along the anterolateral pronotal margins, and usually by the absence of black markings on the anterolateral angle of each abdominal segment. In contrast, T. perditor has relatively longer humeral spines that protrude beyond