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Journal of the
New York Entomological Society
published by
The New York Entomological Society
Contents Volume 99, 1991, Numbers 1-4
Number 1
Revision of the genus Thyanta StM, 1862 (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) I. South America D. A. Rider and J. B. Chapin 1-77
Two new Neotropical genera of Trepobatinae (Gerridae: Heteroptera)
John T. Polhemus 78-86
A new coleopteroid lethaeine from southern South America (Hemiptera: Lygaei- dae: Rhyparochrominae) J. E. O’Donnell 87-96
Two new species of Caliothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and a key to the Ne- arctic species Sueo Nakahara 97-103
The tribe Opisthiini (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Description of the larvae, note on habitat, and brief discussion on its relationship
Yves Bousquet and Ales Smetana 104-1 14
Synonymical notes on North American Platynini (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with special reference to names proposed by T. L. Casey, and a redescription of Agonum imitans Notman James K. Liebherr 1 15-124
Description of a new species of Placonotus MacLeay from Kenya, with notes on the male terminalia of other African species (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) (sens, lat.): Laemophloeinae) M. C. Thomas 125-131
The larva of Blepharidatta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
George C. Wheeler and Jeanette Wheeler 132-137
Anochetus brevidentatus, new species, a second fossil Odontomachiti ant (Hy- menoptera: Formicidae) William P. MacKay 138-140
Number 2
A revision of the fire ants, Solenopsis geminata group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae:
Myrmicinae) James C. Trager 141-198
New Nearctic Chloroperlidae (Plecoptera)
Boris C. Kondratiejf and Ralph F. Kirchner 199-203
A review of the veliid fauna of bromeliads, with a key and description of a new species (Heteroptera: Veliidae) John T. Polhemus and Dan A. Polhemus
Distributional data and new synonymy for species of Halobates Eschscholtz (Het- eroptera: Gerridae) occurring on Aldabra and nearby atolls, Western Indian Ocean Dan A. Polhemus and John T. Polhemus
A new genus of mirine plant bugs, Gracilimiris, with three new species from North America (Heteroptera: Miridae) Gary M. Stonedahl and Thomas J. Henry
Antiteuchus ruckesi, a new discocephaline from Peru (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
L. H. Rolston
Contemporary records of Brachysteles parvicornis (Costa) in the United States (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) John D. Lattin and Adam Asquith
Descriptions of nymphs of the delphacid planthopper Pissonotus delicatus (Ho- moptera: Fulgoroidea) Stephen W. Wilson and James H. Tsai
Males of Tachiona deplanata Sharp and T. nitida Ashe (Coleoptera: Staphylin- idae) with notes on the habitat of these species James S. Ashe
The biology and zoogeography of the legume-feeding Patagonian-Fuegian white butterfly Tatochila theodice (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Arthur M. Shapiro
Description of mature larva and nesting behavior of Pseudoscolia martinezi Suarez (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) J. D. Asis, S. F. Gayubo and J. Tormos
A new species of Calathotarsus (Araneae: Migidae) from Chile
Pablo A. Golobojf
A new species of Gelotia (Araneae: Salticidae) from Sri Lanka
D. P. Wijesinghe
Book Review
Invertebrates B. Bain
Erratum
Number 3
Contributions on the Natural History and Systematics of the Heteroptera and Coleoptera in honor of James A. Slater
Jim Slater, then and now Jane O Donnell and Randall Schuh
James A. Slater, Herpetology’s loss, Hemipterology’s gain
Richard M. Baranowski
Bibliography of James A. Slater, 1943-present
Cimicomorpha
Phylogenetic analysis of Cimicomorphan family relationships (Heteroptera)
Randall T. Schuh and Pavel Stys
Revision of Keltonia and the cotton fleahopper genus Pseudatomoscelis, with the description of a new genus and an analysis of their relationships (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae) Thomas J. Henry
204-216
217-223
224-234
235-239
240-241
242-247
248-250
251-260
261-266
267-273
274-277
278-280
280
281-283
284-286
287-297
298-350
351-404
Plant bugs of Quercus ilicifolia : myriads of mirids (Heteroptera) in pitch pine- scrub oak barrens A. G. Wheeler, Jr.
Pentatomomorpha
A survey of male genitalia in lethaeine genera (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae: Rhyparo- chrominae) Jane E. O ’Donnell
A new genus and new species of Rhyparochrominae (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) from western North America Merrill H. Sweet
Ligyrocoris (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae: Rhyparochrominae) male-produced scents suggest a biochemical character system for systematic analysis
B. J. Harrington
Hemiptera-Heteroptera from Mexico XLIII. A new genus and three new species of Neotropical Micrelytrinae (Alydidae) collected on bamboos
Harry Brailovsky
Leptopodomorpha
A revision of the Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera) of Madagascar and nearby Indian Ocean islands John T. Polhemus and Dan A. Polhemus
Coleoptera
Notosphindus slateri, a new genus and species of Sphindidae (Coleoptera: Cucu- joidea) from Australia Joseph V. McHugh and Quentin D. Wheeler
Number 4
Review of the genus Microschatia (Sober) (Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera)
K. W. Brown and J. T. Doyen
Rhyssocephala, new genus, with the description of three new species (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) D. A. Rider
Two new species of Teratembiidae (Embiidina) from Argentina
Claudia A. Szumik
Egg ultrastructure and descriptions of nymphs of Pelocoris poeyi (Guerin Mene- ville) (Hemiptera: Naucoridae) Robert W. Sites
Four new species of the Neotropical genus Theraneis Spinola (Hemiptera: Het- eroptera: Largidae) Harry Brailovsky
A genetic marker for investigating paternity and maternity in the burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
Stephen T. Trumbo and Anthony J. Fiore
A new species of Ophraella Wilcox (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the south- eastern United States Douglas J. Futuyma
Oviposition behavior of the apple blotch leafminer, Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Thomas A. Green and Ronald J. Prokopy
Biology and immature stages of Chlorops certimus and Epichlorops exilis (Diptera: Chloropidae), stem-borers of wetland sedges
T. P. Rogers, B. A. Foote, and J. L. Todd
405-440
441-470
471-477
478-486
487—495
496-526
527-537
539-582
583-610
611-621
622-629
630-636
637-642
643-653
654-663
664-683
Relationships between sizes of morphological features in worker honey bees {Apis
mellifera) Steven A. Kolmes and Yacoba Sam 684-690
A new species of Drymusa (Araneae: Scytodoidea) from Argentina
Pablo A. Goloboff and Martin J. Ramirez 691-695
Scientific Notes
New distributional records for the ant genus Ponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in North America William P. MacKay and Robert S. Anderson 696-699
Notes on the biology and behaviour of Eupastranaia fenestrata Menetries (Lep- idoptera: Pyralidae: Midilinae)
Marina C. P. Pimentel Margarete V. Macedo, and Ricardo F. Monteiro 699-700
Designation of a type species for Macrochlidia Brown (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
John W. Brown 701
Corrigendum 701
Book Reviews
Moths of Australia James S. Miller 701-703
The Genetics of Social Evolution John T. Longino 703-704
Honorary, Life, and Sustaining Members 705
Reviewers for 1991 705
Book Review Editor 705
Statement of Ownership, Management, and Circulation 706
Vol. 99
JANUARY 1991
No. 1
Journal
-r5E>
of the
New York
Entomological Society
(ISSN 0028-7199)
Devoted to Entomology in General
JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Editor: James K. Liebherr, Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0999 Assistant Editor: E. Richard Hoebeke, Department of Entomology, Com-
stock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0999 Book Review Editor: David A. Grimaldi, Department of Entomology,
American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024
Publications Committee: Randall T. Schuh, American Museum of Natural
History, New York, Chairman; David L. Wagner, University of Con- necticut, Storrs; Alfred G. Wheeler, Jr., Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg.
The New York Entomological Society Incorporating The Brooklyn Entomological Society
President: Durland Fish, Medical Entomology Laboratory, New York
Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595
Vice President: Richard Falco, Westchester County Health Department,
White Plains, New York 10601
Secretary: Christine Falco, Westchester County Health Department, White
Plains, New York 10601
Treasurer: Louis Sorkin, Department of Entomology, American Museum
of Natural History, New York, New York 10024
Trustees: Class of 1989— James S. Miller, Department of Entomology,
American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York; Randall T. Schuh, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York. Class of 1990— Dennis J. Joslyn, Department of Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey; Bernard Fumival, New York, New York.
Annual dues are $23.00 for established professionals with journal, $10.00 without journal, $15.00 for students with journal, $5.00 without journal. Sustaining memberships are $53.00 per year, institutional memberships are $125.00 per year, and life memberships are $300.00. Subscriptions are $45.00 per year domestic, $50.00 Mexico and Canada, $55.00 all other countries. All payments should be made to the Treasurer. Back issues of the Journal of the New York Entomological Society, the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, Entomologica Americana can be purchased from Lubrecht and Cramer, RD 1, Box 244, Forestburgh, New York 12777 . The Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology can be purchased directly from the society at $45.00 per copy, postage paid.
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Mailed February 14, 1991
The Journal of the New York Entomological Society (ISSN 0028-7199) is published 4 times per year (January, April, July, October) for the Society by Allen Press, Inc., 1041 New Hampshire, Lawrence, Kansas 66044. Second class postage paid at New York, New York and at additional mailing office. Postmaster: Send address changes to the New York Entomological Society, % American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192. Known office of publication: American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024.
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J. New York Entomol. Soc. 99(1): 1—77, 1991
REVISION OF THE GENUS THYANTA STAL, 1862 (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) I. SOUTH AMERICA
D. A. Rider and J. B. Chapin
Department of Entomology, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
Abstract.— The South American species of the pentatomid genus Thyanta St&l are revised. The species of Thyanta are grouped into three subgenera based primarily on differences and similarities in male and female genitalia. The nominate subgenus contains nine species of which only three are known to occur in South America. The subgenus Phacidium Breddin is exclusively South American and contains eight species. Sixteen of the 20 species of Argosoma, new subgenus occur in South America.
Diagnoses are provided for the genus, subgenera, and the 12 previously described species. Fifteen new species are described: T. ( A .) boliviensis, T. (A.) curvata, T. (A.) emarginata, T. (A.) excavata, T. (A.) hamulata, T. {A.) infuscata, T. (A.) obtusa, T. (A.) sinuata, T. (A.) straminea, T. (A.) vadosa, T. (A.) xerotica, T. (P.) convexa, T. (P.) fimbriata, T. (P.) robust a, T. (T.) rubicunda. The following new synonymy is recognized (junior synonym in parentheses): T. (P.) acutangula Jensen-Haarup, 1928 (=72 mendozana Jensen-Haarup, 1928; =72 crinita Ruckes, 1957); T. (A.) brasiliensis Jensen-Haarup, 1928 (=72 humeralis Ruckes, 1956); T. (A.) patruelis (Stcil, 1859) (=72 humilis Bergroth, 1891; =72 nitidula Ruckes, 1956); and T. (A.) testacea (Dallas, 1851) (=72 signoreti Ruckes, 1956). Lectotypes are designated for Cimex perditor Fabricius, Euschistus adjunctor Walker, E. fasciatus Walker, Pentatoma pdosum Reed, P. tes- tacea, T. acutangula, T. aeruginosa Berg, and T. brasiliensis. A key is provided for the South American species of Thyanta.
The genus Thyanta Stal belongs in section-one of the nominate tribe of the Pen- tatominae; that is, its included species lack a spine or tubercle at the base of the 3rd (2nd visible) abdominal segment. It is also characterized by an elongate ostiolar canal that reaches 3/5 or more of the distance from the mesial margin of the ostiole to the lateral margin of the metapleuron. Rolston (1987) provided a key to this section that separates the seven genera in South America with a similar elongate ostiolar canal.
In the past, identifications in the genus Thyanta have been difficult to make because species characters were based on differences in size and coloration, both of which are extremely variable. To make determinations more manageable the genus has been artifically divided into two groups according to geographical area. The present paper reviews the species of Thyanta that occur in South America.
Much care is required when working with the key to species. In some cases it will be necessary to have specimens of the green form that are not discolored. When mention is made of black or brown markings on the body surface, this refers to true structural coloration. Teneral specimens and specimens of brown forms tend to become greasy and certain structures darken due to discoloration. Often there are no reliable characters to identify female specimens. Characters of the genitalia can usually be seen without dissecting the specimens, but accurate determinations may require some dissection.
2
JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 99(1)
When label data is cited in the text each letter in parentheses represents a separate label with (a) being closest to the specimen. Museum acronyms are defined in the acknowledgments. All measurements are in millimeters. Measurements in paren- theses are of the holotype.
Thyanta Stal
Thyanta Stal, 1862a:58; Stal, 1867:529; Stal, 1872:34-35; Distant, 1880:65; Sum- mers, 1898:45; Kirkaldy, 1909:94; Van Duzee, 1917:51; Blatchley, 1926:104, 112- 1 1 3; Jensen-Haarup, 1928:185-186; Furth, 1974:21-22; Froeschner, 1981:71; Mc- Pherson, 1982:48, 76-77; Rolston and McDonald, 1984:74, 76.
Type species. Cimex perditorFabricius, 1794 (by subsequent designation, Kirkaldy, 19Q9:XXX).
Diagnosis. Third (second visible) abdominal stemite lacking medial spine or tu- bercle. Each ostiolar ruga sulcate proximally, reaching at least 3A distance from mesial margin of ostiole to lateral margin of metapleuron. Each buccula evanescent or arcuately truncate at posterior termination. Juga and tylus usually subequal in length; rostrum reaching at least to metacoxae. Femora unarmed; superior surface of each tibia usually sulcate. Width of scutellum at distal end of frena % or less basal scutellar width. Each paramere narrowly rounded to acute apically, lacking denticles, usually lacking lateral lobe, rarely with spinose lateral lobe.
Comments. The genus Thyanta is closely related to Cyptocephala Berg and Tepa Rolston and McDonald, from which it can be reliably separated only by differences in the male genitalia. Species of Cyptocephala and Tepa have the head of each paramere bearing a well-developed, apically rounded lateral lobe. Only two South American species of Thyanta have a similar lateral lobe, but in both species the apex of the lateral lobe is angulate or spinose. Cyptocephala further differs from Tepa and Thyanta in having a row of minute denticles between the lateral lobe and the apex of the paramere.
Jensen-Haarup (1928) described the subgenus Parathyanta within Thyanta. Rol- ston and McDonald (1984) placed Parathyanta as a junior synonym of Cyptocephala. At the same time they transferred four species from Thyanta to Cyptocephala and six species from Thyanta to Tepa. The species of both Cyptocephala and Tepa have been reviewed recently (Rolston 1972, 1986; Rider 1986b).
The genus Thyanta is divided into three subgenera: Argosoma new subgenus, Phacidium Breddin, and Thyanta. Sixteen of the 20 species of Argosoma occur in South America. The eight species of Phacidium are all restricted to South America. The nominate subgenus contains nine species, only three of which are known to occur in South America.
KEY TO SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THYANTA
1. Juga distinctly longer than tylus and leaving small subquadrate sinus in front of tylus (Fig. 49); superior surface of each tibia asulcate; segment 2 of each antenna at least 1.5 times length of segment 3 (southern South America) .... aeruginosa Berg - Juga and tylus subequal in length or tylus slightly longer than juga; superior surface of each tibia sulcate; segment 2 of each antenna at most only slightly longer than segment 3 2
1991
THYANTA OF SOUTH AMERICA
3
2(1). Scutellum with medial longitudinal band calloused, pale (Fig. 357), usually con- tinuing onto pronotum; hemelytral membrane with vague fuscous band from distal end of scutellum to apex (Galapagos Islands) similis Van Duzee
- Scutellum uncalloused, occasionally a thin medial line present on pronotum; hem- elytral membrane not marked as above 3
3(2). Inner basal angle of each hemelytral membrane fuscous (Fig. 337); each humeral angle narrowly rounded to nearly acute, but not spinose (Fig. 337) (Ecuador) . . infuscata, n. sp.
- Inner basal angle of each hemleytral membrane hyaline, although membrane may
have distal brown flecks; each humeral angle variable, but if inner basal angle of hemelytral membrane somewhat brownish then each humeral angle spinose .... 4
4(3). Posterior termination of each buccula roundly truncate (Fig. 50); anterolateral
pronotal margins slightly convex (Fig. 64) (Ecuador, Peru) convexa, n. sp.
- Posterior termination of each buccula evanescent (Fig. 2 1 4); anterolateral pronotal
margins straight to concave 5
5(4). Exocorium and apex of corium stramineous, remainder of corium somewhat translucent, brown to green; anterior disk of pronotum stramineous, contrasting with green to brown posterior disk; humeral angles nearly spinose (Fig. 352) (Colombia, Ecuador) straminea, n. sp.
- Exocorium pale brown to green, concolorous with corium, except sometimes
corium reddish, corium not translucent; coloration of pronotum variable, but if bicolored then humeral angles not spinose 6
6(5). Anterolateral and posterolateral abdominal angles piceous; humeral angles spinose
7
- Anterolateral abdominal angles never piceous; posterolateral abdominal angles
variable; humeral angles variable 8
7(6). Each humeral angle weakly spinose, spines short, protruding beyond base of ad- jacent corium by the width of an eye or less (Fig. 1 6) (Galapagos Islands)
setigera Ruckes
jacent corium by more than the width of an eye (Fig. 1) (southern U.S. to northern Argentina) perditor (Fabricius) (part)
8(6). Ventral surface of each humeral angle distinctly margined with piceous; humeral
angles distinctly angulate or spinose 9
Ventral surface of each humeral angle usually concolorous with rest of propleuron, sometimes becoming reddish or brownish, but not piceous; humeral angles vari- able, but if coloration blackish then humeral angles rounded 10
9(8). Humeral angles robustly spinose, directed anterolaterad (Fig. 1 24); in ventral and dorsal views posterolateral angles of pygophore appearing double-cone-shaped (Figs. 133, 134) (southern Brazil) robusta, n. sp. (part)
- Humeral angles angulate but not spinose, somewhat retrorse (Fig. 109); postero-
lateral angles of pygophore not double-cone-shaped in ventral and dorsal views (Figs. 118, 119) (Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil) acutangula Jensen-Haarup
10(8). Humeral angles distinctly spinose 11
- Humeral angles angulate, narrowly rounded, or broadly rounded 15
11(10). Anterolateral pronotal margins distinctly dentate for 3A distance from head to
humeral angles (Fig. 32); lateral margins of body often pink; postspiracular black spots usually lacking (Chile) rubicunda, n. sp.
- Anterolateral pronotal margins lacking teeth, or at most a few weak teeth near
head; lateral margins of body not pink; postspiracular spots variable 12
12(11). Pronotum with transhumeral reddish band; mesial angles of pronotal cicatrices piceous; postspiracular black spots present; posterior margin of pygophore pro- duced posterodorsad medially, with medial emargination (Figs. 9, 10) (southern U.S. to northern Argentina) perditor (Fabricius) (part)
4
JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Vol. 99(1)
- Pronotum lacking transhumeral reddish band, or if extensive areas of red present
on pronotum these forming two longitudinally oblong spots near middle on pos- terior disk; mesial angles of pronotal cicatrices and postspiracular spots variable; posterior margin of pygophore not produced medially (Fig. 88), lacking medial emargination 13
13(12). Humeral angles rather robust, directed anterolaterad (Fig. 124); black spot on each posterolateral abdominal angle relatively large, larger than diameter of spi- racle; in ventral and dorsal views posterolateral angles of pygophore appearing double-cone-shaped (Figs. 133, 134) (southern Brazil) robusta, n. sp. (part)
- Humeral angles smaller, directed laterad and usually only slightly anterad (Figs.
139, 154); black spot on each posterolateral abdominal angle lacking or if present smaller than diameter of spiracle; posterolateral angles of pygophore not double- cone-shaped (Figs. 148, 149, 163, 164) 14
14(13). Apex of head broadly rounded (Fig. 140); black spot on each posterolateral ab- dominal angle distinctly present; pygophore in lateral view sinuously convex (Fig.
150); in caudal view posterior pygophoral margin broadly U-shaped (Fig. 147) (southern and central South America) acuta Ruckes
- Apex of head narrowly rounded (Fig. 155); black spot on each posterolateral
abdominal angle lacking or minute; pygophore in lateral view concave (Fig. 165); in caudal view posterior pygophoral margin broadly V-shaped (Fig. 162) (Vene- zuela, Bolivia, Brazil) cornuta Ruckes
15(10). Males 16
- Females 28
1 6( 1 5). Posteroventral surface of pygophore arcuately sulcate; posterior margin of pygo- phore with dense fringe of long hairs (southern South America)
fimbriata, n. sp. (part)
- Posteroventral surface of pygophore asulcate; posterior margin of pygophore with
at most a few short hairs 17
17(16). Posteroventral surface of pygophore arcuately rounded, not produced into blunt
chin-like protuberance (Chile, western Argentina) juvenca St&l (part)
- Posteroventral surface of pygophore produced into blunt chin-like protuberance 18
18(17). In ectal view each paramere armed with either a spinose or angulate lateral lobe
(Figs. 203, 219) 19
Each paramere unarmed laterally 20
19(18). In ectal view lateral lobe of each paramere triangular (Fig. 219); in medial view apex of each paramere curving dorsad and caudad forming a distinct hook (Fig.
217) (Colombia, Peru) hamulata, n. sp. (part)
- In ectal view lateral lobe of each paramere spinose (Fig. 203); in medial view apex
of each paramere curving gently dorsad, but not forming distinct hook (Fig. 20 1 ) (southern South America) acuminata Ruckes (part)
20(19). Lateral walls of genital cup each with elongate black carina; roughened spiculate area on lateral surface of each paramere linear, elongate (Fig. 233) (Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina) boliviensis, n. sp. (part)
- Lateral walls of genital cup each with black tubercle; roughened spiculate area on
lateral surface of each paramere circular, localized 21
21(20). Occurring north of the equator 22
- Occurring south of the equator 26
22(21). Posterior margin of pygophore in caudal view broadly and sinuously V-shaped
(Fig. 302) (Colombia, Venezuela) sinuata, n. sp. (part)
- Posterior margin of pygophore in caudal view broadly U-shaped 23
23(22). In medial view apex of each paramere rounded, angled dorsad nearly 60 degrees
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24(23).
25(24).
26(21).
27(26).
28(15).
29(28).
30(29).
31(28).
32(31).
33(32).
from longitudinal axis of head of paramere (Fig. 287) (Venezuela)
curvata, n. sp. (part)
In medial view apex of each paramere variable, but if rounded then not angled
dorsad beyond 45 degrees from longitudinal axis of head of paramere 24
In ectal view apex of each paramere obtusely rounded (Fig. 312) (Colombia,
Venezuela) obtusa, n. sp. (part)
In ectal view apex of each paramere narrowly rounded to spinose 25
In medial view each paramere with apex straight or bending slightly ventrad (Fig.
272), concave ectal surface oriented more mediad than dorsad (Trinidad and
Tobago, Venezuela) vadosa, n. sp. (part)
In medial view each paramere with apex curving gently dorsad (Fig. 171), concave ectal surface oriented more dorsad than mediad (Lesser Antilles, northern South
America) testacea (Dallas) (part)
In medial view apex of each paramere spinose, lacking obtuse protuberance on
shaft (Fig. 186) (central and southern South America) patruelis (St&l) (part)
In medial view apex of each paramere usually rounded, presence of obtuse pro- tuberance on shaft variable, but if apex of paramere is nearly spinose then pro- tuberance is well-developed 27
In medial view apex of each paramere narrowly rounded, shaft with prominent
obtuse protuberance (Fig. 247) (central and southern South America)
brasiliensis Jensen-Haarup (part)
In medial view apex of each paramere broadly rounded, shaft lacking obtuse protuberance (Fig. 324) (coastal desert from southern Ecuador to northern Chile)
xerotica, n. sp. (part)
Posteromesial angle of each basal plate distinctly and moderately excavated .... 29 Posteromesial angle of each basal plate rounded or only slightly emarginate .... 31 Concavity resulting from excavations in basal plates with sides distinctly divergent
(Fig. 282) (Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela) vadosa, n. sp. (part)
Concavity resulting from excavations in basal plates with sides subparallel or
slightly convergent 30
Concavity resulting from excavations in basal plates nearly as long as wide (Fig.
262); surface of basal plates distinctly rugose; distal end of sclerotized rod nearly
linear, gradually becoming narrower towards apex (Fig. 263) (Peru)
emarginata, n. sp. (part)
Concavity resulting from excavations in basal plates distinctly wider than long (Fig. 267); surface of basal plates weakly rugose; distal end of sclerotized rod
swollen subapically, narrowed apically (Fig. 268) (Colombia, Venezuela)
excavata, n. sp. (part)
Distal end of sclerotized rod nearly linear, gradually becoming narrower towards
apex 32
Distal end of sclerotized rod swollen subapically, narrowed apically 34
Dilation of spermatheca constricted in middle, appearing doubly inflated (Fig.
228) (Colombia, Peru) hamulata, n. sp. (part)
Dilation of spermatheca not constricted in middle, may be narrowed apically, but
appearing as single inflation 33
Dilation of spermatheca with inflated portion abruptly narrowed for apical third, ending near apex of sclerotized rod (Fig. 258) (central and southern South America)
brasiliensis Jensen-Haarup (part)
Dilation of spermatheca with inflated portion not abruptly narrowed, reaching about 3/4 distance from base to apex of sclerotized rod (Fig. 243) (Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina) boliviensis, n. sp. (part)
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34(3 1 ). Spermathecal duct swollen into distinct cylindrical structure below proximal flange
(Fig. 93) (southern South America) fimbriata, n. sp. (part)
Spermathecal duct may be swollen and coiled below proximal flange, but not
forming distinct cylindrical structure 35
35(34). Dorsal punctation minute, dense, surface appearing matte (Chile, western Argen- tina) juvenca St&l (part)
- Dorsal punctation coarse, relatively sparse, surface glossy, shiny 36
36(35). Spermathecal duct with large amount of swelling and coiling below proximal
flange, swelling carrot-shaped (Figs. 183, 198) 37
Spermathecal duct with relatively small amount of swelling and coiling below
proximal flange, swelling not carrot-shaped 38
37(36). Occurring in Lesser Antilles, Colombia, Venezuela, and Surinam
testacea (Dallas) (part)
- Occurring in southern Peru and central Brazil south to Argentina
patruelis (St&l) (part)
38(36). Occurring north of the equator 39
Occurring south of the equator 41
39(38). Usually with two longitudinally oblong reddish transhumeral spots, one on each
side of middle (Colombia, Venezuela) curvata, n. sp. (part)
Dorsal surface lacking all reddish markings 40
40(39). Outer jugal margins subparallel for middle third of distance from eyes to apex of
head (Fig. 309) (Colombia, Venezuela) obtusa, n. sp. (part)
Outer jugal margins sinuous, not parallel (Fig. 301) (Colombia, Venezuela) ....
sinuata, n. sp. (part)
41(38). Occurring in the coastal desert from southern Equador to northern Chile
xerotica, n. sp. (part)
Occurring in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina acuminata Ruckes (part)
Subgenus Thy ant a Stal
Diagnosis. Punctures minute, dense. Posterior termination of bucculae evanescent. Anterolateral pronotal margins straight to concave, sometimes marked with piceous; each humeral angle rounded to angulate, often spinose; pronotal cicatrices sometimes marked with piceous in mesial angles. Ostiolar canals acuminate apically. Superior surface of each tibia sulcate.
Posterior margins of basal plates sinuous, posteromesial angles entire (Fig. 1 3). Distal end of sclerotized rod cone-shaped (Fig. 14); spermathecal bulb digitiform; cylindrical structure present below proximal flange (Fig. 1 5).
Pygophoral opening small, subtended on posteroventral surface by a rectangular or semicircular impression; posterior margin of pygophore straight to concave in caudal view, with medially incised protuberance in middle (Fig. 9). Each paramere F-shaped, obtuse protuberance on shaft usually prominent, apex spinose, ectal surface convex (Fig. 3), roughened spiculate area on lateral surface linear (Fig. 4). Each lateral conjunctival lobe of aedeagus with single spinose diverticulum (Fig. 6); dorsomedial conjunctival lobe usually well-developed (Fig. 7); theca large, subtriangular in lateral view, with dorsolateral protuberance on each side near caudal limit (Fig. 8); medial penial lobes and penisfilum moderate in size.
Comments. Species of the subgenus Thyanta have the pygophoral opening sub- tended by a semicircular or rectangular impression, and the posterior margin is distinctly emarginate medially. Species of Phacidium have the posteroventral surface
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of the pygophore arcuately rounded or sulcate, and the posterior margin not emar- ginate medially. The posteroventral surface of the pygophore in species of Argosoma is produced into a blunt chin-like protuberance. Also, species of Argosoma have the ectal surface of each paramere concave, while it is convex in both Phacidium and Thyanta.
The female genitalia are also useful in separating species of Thyanta and Phacidium. In Thyanta the distal end of the sclerotized rod is cone-shaped, and the spermathecal bulb is digitiform. In Phacidium the distal end of the sclerotized rod is swollen subapically and narrowed distally, and the spermathecal bulb is globose. The female genitalia of both Phacidium and Argosoma are very similar, but females can usually be separated by the relative density of the dorsal punctation. The dorsal punctation is relatively dense in Phacidium, while it is less dense and more coarse in Argosoma.
Thyanta ( Thyanta ) perditor (Fabricius)
Figs. 1-15, Map 1
Cimex perditor Fabricius, 1794:102; Fabricius, 1803:163.
Pentatoma fascifera Palisot de Beauvois, 1817:150, fig. 8. (syn. by Dallas, 1851) Pentatoma collaris Westwood, 1837:40. (syn. by Dallas, 1851)
Cimex transversalis Herrich-Schaffer, 1841:66. (syn. by Dallas, 1851)
Cimex dimidiatus Herrich-Schaffer, 1 84 1 :fig. 629. (syn. by Dallas, 1851)
Pentatoma dimidiatum: Herrich-Schaffer, 1844:94.
Euschistus perditor: Dallas, 1851:206; Walker, 1867:247.
Pentatoma ( Mormidea ) perditor: Guerin-Meneville, 1857:367.
Thyanta perditor: Stal, 1862a:58, Stal, 1862b: 104; Stal, 1868:29; Stal, 1872:34; Uhler, 1872:399 (part); Uhler, 1876:289; Uhler, 1877:404 (part); Distant, 1880:66; Berg, 1884:100; Distant, 1893:333; Lethierry and Severin, 1893:148; Uhler, 1893:705; Uhler, 1894a:230 (part); Uhler, 1894b: 173; Distant, 1900b:432; Van Duzee, 1904: 52, 53 (part); Van Duzee, 1907:9; Kirkaldy, 1909:95; Banks, 1910:90; Zimmer, 1911:14 (part); Barber, 1914:523; Van Duzee, 1917:51-52; Barber, 1923:12; Blatchley, 1926:113, 114-115 (part); Barber, 1939:292-293; Torre-Bueno, 1939: 230; Ruckes, 1957a:l, 20.
Euschistus fasciatus Walker, 1867:245. (syn. by Stal, 1872)
Euschistus adjunct or Walker, 1867:249. (syn. by Stal, 1872)
Diagnosis. Transhumeral rubiginous band usually present; often tylus and vertex of head reddish.
Outer jugal margins sinuous, not parallel (Fig. 2). Each humeral angle spinose, spine directed anterolaterad and protruding beyond adjacent corium by more than half width of eye; anterolateral pronotal margins not piceous, concave in dorsal view (Fig. 1). Mesial comer of each pronotal cicatrice black. Each abdominal stemite with postspiracular black spot on each side. Both anterolateral and posterolateral angles of abdominal stemites usually piceous.
Basal plates in caudoventral view with mesial margins straight to slightly convex, separated basally; posterior margins sinuous (Fig. 1 3). Pygophoral opening subtended by semicircular impression; posterior margin of pygophore produced posterodorsad, in ventral and dorsal views convex medially with small medial V-shaped emargi- nation (Figs. 10, 11); posterior margin concave in lateral view (Fig. 12).
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Types. Fabricius (1794) described Cimex perditor from 222 and 2 66 without des- ignating a holotype or paratypes. The 6 specimen labeled (a) “C: perditor” (b) “Thyan- ta perditor F.” is designated lectotype. The remaining 6 and 292 are designated paralectotypes. They have the following label data: (a) “Thyanta perditor F.” (<3); (a) [green paper; no writing] (b) “Thyanta perditor F.” (2); and (a) [green paper; no writing] (b) “2” (c) “Type” (d) “Thyanta perditor F.” (2). All four specimens, which are housed in the Universetetes Zoologiske Museum (Copenhagen, Denmark), were examined.
Pentatoma fascifera Palisot de Beauvois, P. collaris Westwood, Cimex transversalis Herrich-Schaffer, and C. dimidiatus Herrich-Schaffer were all placed as junior syn- onyms of T. perditor by Dallas (1851). The type specimens of Herrich-Schaffer are apparently no longer in existence, but the descriptions, including the figure of C. dimidiatus, agree reasonably well with T. perditor. The type specimens for P. fascifera and P. collaris were not examined.
Pentatoma fascifera was described from Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Palisot de Beauvois, 1817). Although its description is rather short, it does not differ in any significant way from T. perditor. Also, T. perditor is the only species of Thyanta in the Dominican Republic that has distinctly spinose humeral angles.
Westwood (1837) described P. collaris from the island of St. Vincent in the West Indies. Its description fits T. perditor in all respects, and T. perditor is the only species of Thyanta with distinctly spinose humeral angles that occurs on St. Vincent.
Walker (1867) described Euschistus fasciatus and E. adjunctor. Both of these species were placed as junior synonyms of T. perditor by Stal (1872). In neither case did Walker designate a holotype or paratypes, and it is difficult to ascertain how many specimens he examined. Euschistus fasciatus was described from at least two spec- imens, but only one syntype was located. It is here designated lectotype and has the following label data: (a) “Type” (b) “58.135 Mex. (Oajaca)” (c) “12. EUSCHISTUS FASCIATUS.” [dorsal surface], “West Indies” [ventral surface]. Only one syntype of E. adjunctor was located. This specimen, labeled (a) “Type” (b) “Belize” [dorsal surface], “51 117” [ventral surface] (c) “39. EUSCHISTUS ADJUNCTOR.” [dorsal surface], “O varius aut ochraceus, dense p” [ventral surface], is designated lectotype. Both lectotypes were examined and are typical specimens of T. perditor, both are conserved at the British Museum of Natural History (London, England).
At one time Euschistus rubiginosus Dallas was considered a synonym of T. perditor.
Figs. 1-15. T. perditor. 1. Habitus. 2. Head. 3-5. Right paramere. 3. Medial view. 4. Lateral view. 5. Ectal view. 6-8. Theca and related structures. 6. Ventral view. 7. Dorsal view. 8. Lateral view. 9-12. Pygophore. 9. Caudal view. 10. Ventral view. 11. Dorsal view. 12. Lateral view. 13. Genital plates, caudoventral view. 14. Spermatheca. 15. Spermathecal pump. Symbols: bp, basal plate; cyl, cylindrical structure below proximal flange; dfl, distal flange; dmc, dorsomedial conjunctibal lobe; dsp, dilation of spermatheca; gx2, second gonacoxa; jug, juga; lcl, lateral conjunctival lobe; mpl, median penial lobe; pen, penisfilum; pfl, proximal flange; pla, postero- lateral angle of pygophore; pmp, posterior margin of pygophore; pt8, eighth paratergite; pt9, ninth paratergite; rsa, roughened spiculate area on lateral surface of paramere; spb, spermathecal bulb; sr, sclerotized rod; slO, tenth stemite; th, theca; tyl, tylus.
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Rider (1986a), however, examined the holotype and determined that it was a species of Euschistus and a senior synonym of E. incus Rolston.
Distribution. Thyanta perditor is the most widely distributed species in the genus, occurring from the southern United States to northern Argentina (Map 1).
Specimens examined. 167 specimens collected during every month of the year; deposited in AMNH, BMNH, CAS, CELM, CU, DAR, DBT, EGER, FSCA, HAS, LHR, QCAZ, SMEK, UCB, UNAM, UNCM, USNM. COLOMBIA: La Ceja, S. H. Antioquia: Bello; Medellin Valley; Sopetran; Union. Cundinamarca: Silvania, 60 km SW Bogota. Magdalena: San Jeronimo; Santa Marta. Tolima: 9 km NW Espinal. Valle del Cauca: Bitaco Valley, 1 km above Bitaco; Buga; Palmira; Pance, 1 1 km S Cali; 1 km W Yumbo. VENEZUELA: El Valle. Lara: Sarare. Monagas: 4 km S El Rosario. SURINAM: Paramaribo: Paramaribo. FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne: Ma- couria. ECUADOR: Bucay; Coto Callao; Juive; Oriente Rio Negro; Pallatanga. Co- topaxi: Pifo. Imbabura: Chachimbiro; Ibarra. Morona-Santiago: Macas, Rio Upano. Napo: Baeza. Pichincha: Cugobambilla; Diluriguin; H. la Esperie; Palmeras; Po- masqui; Puembo; Pululahua; Quito; San Rafael; Tandapi; Valle de los. Tungurahua: Ambato Mulalillo. PERU: Valle Chanchamayo. Amazonas: Bagua Chica. Ayacucho: Huanta; Rio Pampas. Cuzco: Macchupichu. Huanuco: 30 mi NE Huanuco; Pozuzo; Tingo Maria. Junin: Estancia Naranjal San Ramon. Lima: Barranca; Lima. BOLIV- IA: Prov. Sara; Tropical. Chuquisaca: Monteagudo. Cochabamba: Prov. Chapare, Alto Palmar; Prov. Chapare, Chapare; Prov. Chapare, Christal-Mayu. La Paz: Co- roico; Yungas de La Paz. Santa Cruz: Prov. Ichilo, Buena Vista. BRAZIL: Warta PR. Ceara: Barbalha. Mato Grosso: 35 mi W Araguaia; Independencia. Minas Gerais: Vifosa. Para: Almeirim, Sao Raimundo. Parana: 20 mi S Pato Branco. Sao Paulo: Barretos; 10 mi S Guapara. ARGENTINA: Jujuy. Misiones. Salta: Campo Santos de Salta.
Comments. Only three species of the nominate subgenus occur in South America, T. perditor, T. rubicunda, and T. setigera. Thyanta setigera occurs only on the Ga- lapagos Islands and can usually be recognized by the relatively short humeral spines that protrude beyond the base of the adjacent corium by less than the width of an eye. Thyanta rubicunda can be identified by the strong denticulations along the anterolateral pronotal margins, and usually by the absence of black markings on the anterolateral angle of each abdominal segment. In contrast, T. perditor has relatively longer humeral spines that protrude beyond