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JOURNAL
OF
SOUTH AFRICAN BOTANY
VOLUME 44 1978
Published under the authority of the
Trustees
of the
National Botanic Gardens of
South Africa,
Kirstenbosch,
Newlands, C.P.
Editor: Prof. H. B. Rycroft
Director,
National Botanic Gardens of
South Africa,
Harold Pearson Professor of Botany University
of
Cape Town
Publication dates:
44 (1): 1-— 96 [6th January, 1978] 44 (2): 97-202 [18th April, 1978]
44 (3): 203-315 [25th July, 1978]
44 (4): 317-421 [30th October, 1978]
JOURNAL
OF
SOUTH AFRICAN BOTANY
VOLUME 44 1978 CONTENTS
A CHECKLIST OF THE PLANTS OF NDUMU GAME RESERVE, NORTH-EASTERN TAUIUUTL/ANNID), [E; Sh POGUE cca acossseccccaaa
HABITAT OF THREATENED PROTEACEAE ENDEMIC TO WESTERN CAPE COASTAL PL/I. Uy Wo INTIS coo ccccccccncon0n0s
STUDIES IN THE GENUS CASS/A IN SOUTH AFRICA: 2. NOTES ON CASSIA ITALICA (MILL.) LAM. EX F. W. ANDR. K. D. Gordon=Grayietie wee oceans
NUCLEOLAR HETEROCHROMATIN IN ENCEPHALARTOS. D. J. Mogford.........
TWO NEW SPECIES AND A NEW COMBI- NATION IN THE GENUS KALANCHOE. H. PTOI KO Micke cee testes ah ear lesser keh meteae
BOOK REVIEWS: Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics, classical and molecular, by R. Rieger, A. Michaelis and M. M. Green (J. S. Allan). Kryptogamen, by K. Esser (K. T. van Wiaitmelo) ie 25 a Aestett cecsru teat wrecsrnaden acters
THE REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF ERICA JUNONIA BOLUS: MEGA- SPOROGENESIS AND MEGAGAMETO- GENESIS. B. L. Robertson and J. E. MceNalightOnipw ter etcantnna ce 02, nacre
EFFECT OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS ON GERMINATION OF DORMANT SEEDS OF STRELITZIA REGINAE AIT. H. A. van de WGI AG RRR nS RELAIS Syrtins Eee scien RIE oee. cee
CENTROMERIC HETEROCHROMATIN IN LACHENALIA TRICOLOR (L.) THUNB. D. J. Mogford ssa tanh aaceete eae an ae ener abe
THE PECULIAR LEAF TRICHOMES OF PETREA VOLUBILIS (VERBENACEAE). C. Puff
LEAF ANATOMY OF JUBAEOPSIS CAFFRA BECCR Be RODCiLSOMmee eee
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE NITROGEN NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF MEMBERS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN PROTEACEAE. O. A. M. Lewis and W. D. Stock..............
A NEW SPECIES OF PECTINARIA. P. V. Bruyns
Page
55
67
83
89
93
Sil
103
111
119
SOME PROBLEMS OF SOUTH AFRICAN PTERIDOPHYTA. W. B. G. Jacobsen......
“DRIFT SEEDS” AND “DEAR DIRTY DUB- LIN’: CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN JOHN MUIR AND MATILDA C. KNOWLES: 11930 —19Sou = CaINeISOnie ee
BOOK REVIEWS: Pollination mechanisms, reproduction and plant breeding, by R. Frankel and E. Galun (H. A. van Niekerk). Proceedings of the Second National Weeds Conference of South Africa (M. J. Wells) ...
THE GENUS GALIUM L. (RUBIACEAE) IN SOUTHERN AFRICA. C. Puff.............
PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TABLE MOUNTAIN, SOUTH AFRICA: 1. THE BACK TABLE. J. Glyphis, E. J. Moll and B. M. CGampbellies ances oeincetenns ocho:
PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TABLE MOUNTAIN, SOUTH AFRICA: 2. THE FRONT TABLE. D. Laidler, E. J. Moll, B. M. Gampbelliand JNGlyphis...2.q.0s-e2 sae -
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ECOLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF EPIPHYTIC MOSSES. N. H. G. Jacobsen .............
BOOK REVIEWS: Dormancy and the survival of plants, by T. A. Villiers (J. A. de Bruyn). Compositae in Natal, by O. M. Hilliard (B. Nordenstam). Wood structure in biological and technological research, edited by P. Baas, A. J. Bolton and D. M. Catling (A. R. A. NOG I) estar eevee eee scr sreintore Crewe nen
PRELIMINARY ANNOUNCEMENT: Thirteenth International Botanical Congress ..........
THE VASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE SEED- LING OF ENCEPHALARTOS EUGENE- MARAISII VERDOORN. P. J. Robbertse, S. van der Westhuizen and G. K. Theron .....
STUDIES IN THE GENERA OF THE D/OS- MEAE (RUTACEAE): 7. |. Williams ........
HABITAT OF THREATENED SPECIES OF SERRURIA AND PROTEA ENDEMIC TO WESTERN CAPE COASTAL FLATS. A. V. RATE US le os re casa ciane sero esiioresencnen
FURTHER NOTES ON PROTEA IN SOUTH AERIGAMUSEAROUIKEG): 6 ccc nc ons momen:
FLAVANOIDS OF THE SUMMER RAINFALL PROTEAS AND THEIR CHEMOTAXO- NOMIC SIGNIFICANCE. C. W. Glennie atq(o| (Le [E. IDEMPBOMN sscnconcssonavon00Dce
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN LACHENALIA (LILIACEAE). R. Ornduff and P. J. Watters .
Page
157
187
201
203
281
291
297
313
315
317
329
363
373
381
387
TEN NEW SPECIES OF LACHENALIA (LILIACEAE). W. RB. Barkeh cirri:
THE IDENTITY OF POLYPODIUM POP- PIGIANUM METT. (FILICES) J. P. Rourke and’ E. A; C.E.JEsSchelpe ssn 7 aeeeree.:
BOOK REVIEW: Mesquite: its biology in two desert ecosystems, edited by B. B. Simpson (Gs Vi Joubert): . sce a as Saar ee
INDEX TO PLANT NAMES: Vol. 44 (1-4) ....
Indexed in Biological Abstracts and Current Advances in Plant Science.
391
419
421 423
THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED TO
JOHN PATRICK MICKLETHWAIT BRENAN (1917— )
MA. B.Sc, LS. FIL Biol: (Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)
a specialist and authority on African plants, especially the families Commelinaceae, Steruliaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Leguminosae; he has made extensive observations and collections throughout Tropical and Southern Africa which form the bases for numerous publications to his credit, these include a descriptive check list of the Woody Plants of Tanganyika (1949) published in collaboration with P. J. Greenway as well as valuable contributions to the Floras of Tropical East-Africa, West Tropical Africa and Flora Zambesiaca; he has been associated with a number of important scientific societies, having been Botanical Secretary of the Linnean Society of London from 1965-72, President of the Association of Tropical Biology in 1970—71 and is also a member of the Library and Scientific Committees of the Royal Horticultural Society; throughout his botanical career he has kept a close liaison with Kirstenbosch and other major South African Botanical Institutes, to which he has given freely of his advice
concerning matters of policy and management.
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from South African National Biodiversity Institute Libraries
https://archive.org/details/journalofsouthaf44unse
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‘Pan Edge Community’
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Sand Forest
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FIGURE 2
Map of the vegetation of Ndumu Game Reserve
Simplified from the ‘Map of the vegetation formations of Ndumu Game Reserve’ by De Moor et al (which was drawn directly from the 1964 aerial photographs)
Esk 1977 | SCALE 1: 36,000 APPROXIMATELY
JIS. Afr. Bot. 44 (1): 1-54 (1978)
A CHECKLIST OF THE PLANTS OF NDUMU GAME RESERVE, NORTH-EASTERN ZULULAND
E. S. POOLEY (St. Lucia Estuary, Natal)
ABSTRACT
An annotated checklist of the plants of Ndumu Game Reserve, northern Zululand is given together with a brief floristic analysis and a description of the vegetation types of the area. A map is included.
UITTREKSEL
"N LYS VAN DIE PLANTE IN DIE NDUMU WILDRESERVAAT IN NOORD-OOS ZOELOELAND
‘n Lys van plante met aantekeninge in die Ndumu Wildreservaat, Noord Zoeloeland, word aangebied met ’n kort floristiese ontleding en ’n beskrywing van die plantegroei tipes van die area. ’n Kaart word ingesluit.
INTRODUCTION
The material for the checklist was collected during the period 1967 to 1974. The specimens have been routinely named in the Department of Botany, Univer- sity of Natal, Pietermaritzburg and are housed in that herbarium, with many duplicates in the Natal Parks Board Herbarium, Hluhluwe Game Reserve. Other collections cited are also housed in these two herbaria, namely those of E. J. Moll, T. B. Oatley, J. M. Ross, K. L. Tinley, C. J. Ward and some others.
The plants in the checklist are limited to those of the game reserve in spite of the fact that some most interesting material has also been collected just to the west on the Lebombo foothills, and from the Sand Forest areas just to the east.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF GAME RESERVE
Ndumu Game Reserve is 10 100 ha in extent and is situated in north-eastern Zululand (Tongaland) on the border between South Africa and Mozambique (Fig. 1). It lies at the southernmost extension of the Mozambique plain at approximately latitude § 26° 53’ longitude E 32° 15’, about 70 km from the sea.
The Usutu river, known as the Rio Maputo in Mozambique, serves as part of the international border as well as the game reserve boundary on the north. The game reserve is fenced on the south, east and west. The Pongola river flows through the reserve from the south boundary to its new confluence with the Usutu
Accepted for publication 27th June, 1977. 1
2 Journal of South African Botany
Durban
Scale 1 :4,000,000
Figure 1
Location of Ndumu Game Reserve
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 3
in the north. The old course of the Pongola serves as a flood water feeder channel to Inyamiti, iHotwe and Sabatane pans, either directly from the Pongola or as feed-back from the Usutu river, depending on water levels in the two rivers. There are several semi-permanent pans; Fontana, Shokwe, Bantana, Mvutsheni and Banzi on the Usutu; and isiHilibindini, Mpumpununa, iPolwe, Inyamiti, iHotwe, Sabatane, Ndwanini and Bakabaka on the Pongola, which are filled by these perennial rivers. The extensive floodplains form approximately a third of the reserve.
Its highest point is Ndumu Hill which rises from the Pongola floodplain (25 m above sea level) to a height of 160 m above sea level. The foothills of the Lebombo rise in the extreme west of the reserve. There are flats in between these two elevated areas, with extensive areas of tall thicket with scattered trees, low thicket with few trees (termed “‘scrub’’ in checklist), woodland and savanna.
The game reserve was proclaimed in 1924. Until 1959, about 1 000 Africans and their goats and cattle lived there. Crops were cultivated mainly on the floodplains. During 1959, all stock were removed and subsequent recuperation of the vegetation was phenomenal (Tinley, 1964). The last Africans were moved out of the reserve in 1966, but there is still considerable evidence of old kraal sites and, especially on the Usutu Floodplain, of disturbed vegetation in old fields.
Arson has always been a factor in the life of the game reserve. Fires are put in by poachers with regularity, particularly in the west but also, on occasions, on Ndumu Hill.
The climate is sub-tropical, with a summer rainy season lasting from October to April, although onset, duration and amount are very variable. In winter, dense morning mists occur as a fairly regular feature. Mean monthly rainfall and temperature data are contained in Table 1 (from De Moor et al., in press).
TABLE 1.
Average monthly rainfall and temperature data from Ndumu Game Reserve =. ee ee
Rainfall (mm) Temperature (° C) Month (1956-1971) (Max. + Min. 1968-1971) 2 NAWUAL Veen econ. cee 3. 2 44,4 27,1 ebruiany 4 oer ee 79,7 26,8 IWET(G) uben cteseeine ot che tie eee 61,2 25,8 INDE Meh tee A ts imc: 9 43,4 23,8 Wiciy ier ere oe cise ere cess oe = 17,2 20,4 Fre See See aa eee 14,7 18,1 tik ea Pe cert e282. 10,7 19,1 /-VEO CHE 22 2 OO eee Oe 14,4 20,6 Septenibeme cote. hs: 23,4 22,2 October Se 74,4 24,3 Naveniber aetiersacici ae2s 75,3 24,3
Decemiberan vaste oe cers 75,9
TOTAL AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL: 534,7 mm
4 Journal of South African Botany
VEGETATION
A vegetation and soil survey was conducted in 1971 and 1972 by De Moor and his collaborators, and twenty-nine vegetation formations were described according to physiognomic characteristics (following Fosberg, 1967). A vegetation and soil map is included in that work. For the purposes of this paper the game reserve will be described following the main eight formations delimited in the De Moor survey, but in less detail and drawing attention to areas of particular botanical interest. A map is included showing the Zulu names for the various parts of the game reserve and showing the main vegetation formations (Fig. 2).
Riverine Forest
This occurs as a broken strip of forest along the banks of the Usutu and Pongola rivers, typically found on levées formed by floodwaters. The main tree species are Ficus sycamorus, Rauvolfia caffra, Trichilia emetica, Syzygium guineense, Adina microcephala, Ekebergia capensis, Sapium ellipticum and Phyl- lanthus flacourtioides, which form a discontinuous canopy. The sub-canopy can include Antidesma venosum, Phoenix reclinata, Kraussia floribunda, Tabernae- montana elegans, Oncoba spinosa and Gardenia cornuta. Shrubs and climbers include Allophyllus decipiens, Grewia caffra, Ficus capraefolia, Acacia schweinfurthii, Monanthotaxis caffra, Pisonia aculeata, Capparis tomentosa, Ipo- moea digitata, and Gymnema sylvestre. Herbs and grasses found are Justicia glabra, Achyranthes aspera, Setaria chevalieri and Oplismenus hirtellus.
The area of forest described in De Moor et al., with a continuous canopy of 30 m, is the only such undisturbed area of forest of any size—and is now claimed by Mozambique as it is in the confluence area of the Usutu and Pongola rivers and is cut off by two of the old courses of the Pongola rivers.
The new course of the Pongola river has no Riverine Forest, but forest species from the old course are spreading steadily down the new course.
Usutu Floodplain
Much of this floodplain is not inundated regularly, only at times of exception- ally high flood levels. The composition of grass and sedge species differs greatly from the Pongola Floodplain and is much more diverse. There are many channels which are flooded most seasons; a noteworthy one being the Mtikeni which links the Usutu river to the Mdipini pools, Bantana, Mvutsheni and Banzi pans. These channels, being regularly flooded, support mostly wetland species which include: Phragmites spp., Cyperus spp., Pennisetum glaucocladum, Sorghum verticilliflo- rum, Hemarthria altissima and Typha latifolia. Patches of Riverine Forest are found across the floodplain, and single large trees of the species Acacia albida, A. tortilis, Sclerocarya caffra, Bolusanthus speciosus, Kigelia africana, Loncho- carpus capassa, Ficus sycamorus and Trichilia emetica occur. The common grasses on the sandy alluvium are Cymbopogon validus, Hyperthelia dissoluta,
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 5
Themeda triandra, Aristida congesta subspp. congesta and barbicollis, Sporo- bolus fimbriatus, Eragrostis superba, Trichoneura monachne and Cynodon dacty- lon, with shrubby thickets of Pluchea dioscoridis, Vernonia colorata, Lippia javanica and Securinega virosa.
Pongola Floodplain
This floodplain before it was affected by Jozini dam was either inundated for several weeks each summer or sometimes not at all. However, once the dam started controlling the flow of the river the floodplain was inundated to its highest levels at unseasonal times and for extended periods of time. This has had a great effect on the composition of grasses and sedges, which are changing steadily. On wet mud (and over water) Echinochloa pyramidalis (prostrate form), Hemarthria altissima and Cyperus fastigiatus predominate with the herb Grangea maderaspa- tensis. The grasses along the edge of the floodplain and on raised levées are mostly Eriochloa meyerianum (= Panicum meyerianum), Panicum coloratum, Chloris gayana, Sorghum verticilliflorum, Paspalum commersonii, Eriochloa stapfiana, Urochloa mossambicensis, Digitaria spp., Echinochloa pyramidalis (erect form). This area is heavily utilised by hippo, and in winter, when grazing elsewhere is low, rhino, nyala, impala and reedbuck can be found in large numbers. Sesbania sesban, Phragmites spp., and Ficus capraefolia form a discon- tinuous transitional area between forest and grasses. East of the Pongola near Mavilo, spurwing geese can be found in great numbers in the shelter of the reedbeds during the birds’ moulting season.
An ‘‘island’’, actually the little hill at the tip of a low peninsula connected to the land east of the Pongola river, is found in the middle of an extensive area of the Pongola floodplain. Known as Mavilo, its vegetation is, to some extent, unique. The hill runs N/S with stunted Sand Forest on the east slope while the rest is rocky and resembles Acacia nigrescens Thicket on boulder beds, with ‘‘pan-
edge’’ species around the base.
Fever Tree Forest
Pure stands of Fever trees, Acacia xanthophloea, occur at the south western end of Shokwe (a fairly newly formed forest) and at the eastern end of Banzi pan. This is tall, pure A. xanthophloea, with a uniform crown height of 20 m, with occasional thickets of Gardenia cornuta, Azima tetracantha, Acacia schweinfurthii and Maytenus heterophylla. Chloris gayana is the dominant and almost the only understorey species. The fever trees around Inyamiti form a narrow band and are thus considered part of the ‘‘pan-edge’’ community.
““Pan-edge’’ Communities These communities are very variable. Acacia robusta, A. Sycamorus (missing from Inyamiti, perhaps because of the brackish water)
xanthophloea, Ficus
6 Journal of South African Botany
Sideroxylon inerme, Spirostachys africana and Schotia brachypetala are amongst the species found growing as thicket, forest or scattered trees. Phragmites spp. and Cyperus spp. can form an intermediate strip between water, mudflats and trees (sometimes very extensive.) A separate and quite different area of floodplain or ‘“‘pan-edge”’ is found at both ends of Inyamiti. These are the flats that are exposed all winter (under normal flood conditions) and flooded for some time each summer. When the water drops it exposes lawns of Cynodon dactylon with some Sporobolus virginicus and Digitaria swazica. This area is well utilised by hippo, rhino, antelope and geese. Inyamiti is brack and produces a salty crust at the western end. Salicornia pachystachya and Arthrocnemum natalense var. natalense are an unusual feature of the area.
There have been consecutive, abnormally high rainy seasons which have caused changes to the margins of some of the pans. Inyamiti and iHotwe pans on the Pongola floodplain have been affected by high flood levels. The Phragmites spp. and Nymphaea spp. of Skehla pan (on north bank of Inyamiti) have almost disappeared, and Acacia xanthophloea is dying off in large numbers, and only very few young plants occur along the shoreline. Shokwe has been inundated much longer than usual (starting in December, 1971 and particularly since 1974) and the A. xanthophloea and the fairly newly established Riverine Forest on the west bank are suffering considerable numbers of die-offs.
There used to be a small stream flowing from Banzi pan, through the A. xanthophloea forest into a swamp and eventually draining into the Pongola river. High floodwaters from Banzi have washed beds of Typha latifolia, Phragmites spp. and the gently sloping grassy banks away creating a donga and transforming the area.
Inyamiti pan, famous for the wealth of bird and animal life it supports, is fed by a stream which drains off the Ndumu farm lands. It is not known how the insecticides which also drain off, have and will affect the plant and animal life in and around the pan.
Aquatic communities
The semi-permanent pans of the game reserve and the Pongola river, espe- cially the old course, hold a wealth of submerged and emergent aquatic plant life. Floating rafts of a mixture of Ricciocarpos natans, Azolla pinnata, Spirodela spp. Wolffia arrhiza and Pistia stratiotes are found on the Pongola river and floodplain. The pans hold changing communities of Potamogeton spp., Ruppia maritima, Ceratophyllum demersum, Utricularia inflexa var. inflexa and others, which provide a plentiful supply of food for waterfowl and fish.
In Banzi pan, the once nearly continuous floating raft of vegetation comprising a mixture of Leersia hexandra, Pycreus mundtii, Oxycaryum cubense (= Scirpus cubensis), Echinochloa pyramidalis (prostrate form), Trapa natans, Nymphaea spp., Pistia stratiotes and Ludwigia octovalvis subsp. octovalvis has apparently
See ——— ee — ee a
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 7
been completely disrupted (1976) and, this being the case, one wonders what has become of the submerged aquatics. High floodwaters are considered the cause of the disruption.
The small seasonal pools and water courses of the Mahemane and the west have some most interesting aquatics, many only found here, such as Oftelia exserta, Lagarosiphon verticilliflorum, Aponogeton junceus, Burnata enneandra, Lymnophytum obtusifolium, Nymphoides sp. c.f. rautenanii, Utricularia inflexa var. stellaris, Scirpus articulatus and Eleocharis fistulosa.
Sand Forest
There are two areas of Sand Forest on Ndumu Hill; Ulukondo and Engabateni, both of which have suffered at times from over-utilisation by game, particularly nyala and bushpigs, and disturbance by man. Engabateni has been disrupted to a greater extent than Ulukondo. East of the Pongola Floodplain there are other patches of Sand Forest, some fairly extensive, which have a much higher canopy but are otherwise composed of the same species. The open areas between these forest patches have a mixture of Ndumu Hill broadleaf species and Sand Forest species, with grass and occasional thorny thickets on previously disturbed ground.
Newtonia hildebrandtii grows to 12 m and more, emergent above the 6 to 9m canopy of the forest which has Cleistanthus schlechteri and Pteleopsis myrt:folia as the dominants, with Brachylaena huillensis, Albizia petersiana subsp. evansit, A. forbesii, Croton gratissimus, Wrightia natalensis, Hymenocardia ulmoides, Combretum spp., Strychnos decussata, Haplocoelum gallense and Manilkara discolor as the taller tree species. Small trees include Monodora junodii, Canthium spp., Boscia foetida subsp. longipedicellata, Toddaliopsis bremekampu, Gardenia amoena, Drypetes arguta, Cola microcarpa, Erythroxylon emarginatum, Craibea zimmermannii, Suregada zanzibarica, Salacia leptoclada and Sapium integerri- mum. The shrub layer includes Tricalysia spp., Carissa tetramera, Cussonia arenicola, Dalbergia sp. c.f. D. nitidula, Croton steenkampiana, C. pseudopul- chellus and Schlerochiton coeruleus. Climbers include Quisqualis parviflora, Dioscorea cotinifolia, Strophanthus spp., Asparagus spp., Secamone spp., and Ipomoea cairica. The ground layer is sparse with Stylochiton natalense, Col- eotrype natalensis, Sansevieria spp., and Panicum deustum.
Acacia tortilis Woodland
There are a number of pure stands of Acacia tortilis. Some of those on the Mahemane flats area have a canopy of 6 m. Those on the edge of the Usutu Floodplain have a canopy of 9 m and have many climbers and some thickets, with good grass cover as an understorey. These plants include the climbers Cocculus hirsutus, Capparis tomentosa, Diospyros villosa, Sarcostemma viminale, Tylo- phora lycioides and Senecio pleistocephalus, small trees and shrubs such as Gardenia cornuta and Azima tetracantha, and a few tall trees such as Trichilia
8 Journal of South African Botany
emetica, Balanites maughamii and Kigelia africana, with the grass Panicum maximum the dominant herbaceous understorey.
There are large disturbed areas in the west where A. tortilis predominates in the tree stratum, with thorny scrub and some thicket as understorey, and a sparse grass fieldlayer. Albizia petersiana subsp. evansii, Acacia grandicornuta, Gar- denia cornuta, Dichrostachys cinerea, Ehretia rigida, Croton menyhartii, Azima tetracantha, Aloe marlothii, Capparis citriifolia and Asparagus spp., are among the more common scrub and thicket-forming plants.
Mahemane Thicket
This covers a great area of the flats and is a dense thicket with Acacia grandicornuta, Albizia petersiana subsp. evansii and A. anthelmentica predom- inating in the tree stratum. The area west of Inyamiti has a canopy averaging 6 to 9 m, elsewhere the height of this type of thicket is variable, as is the species composition. The common larger trees are Balanites maughamii, Pappea capensis, Manilkara mochisia, Spirostachys africana and Ptaeroxylon obliquum, with scat- tered Newtonia hildebrandtii. Smaller common trees are Gardenia cornuta, Maytenus heterophylla, Ehretia rigida, Dichrostachys cinerea, Acacia luederitzii var. retinens, Cordia ovalis and Euclea spp., with Croton menyhartii, Euphorbia grandicornis, Carissa spp., Asparagus spp., Ximenia caffra and Senecio barber- tonicus in the shrub layer. The grasses are sparse in dry seasons, but with good rains Panicum maximum, P. deustum, Enteropogon monostachyos subsp. afri- canus and Sporobolus smutsii are common.
Throughout the west and on the lower slopes of Ndumu Hill, there are varying formations of the plant species found in the Mahemane.
A feature of the area is the small seasonal pools described under Aquatic Communities.
Deciduous broad-leaf woodland
The Hutton red sands of Ndumu Hill carry deciduous broad-leaf open wood- land with small scattered thickets, some with Sand Forest species. Sclerocarya caffra up to 12 m tall, with Acacia burkei and Terminalia sericea predominate (canopy at 6 to 10 m). Strychnos spinosa, Strychnos madagascariensis, Combre- tum spp. (5), Albizia petersiana subsp. evansii, Ziziphus mucronata, Dialium schlechteri, Lannea stuhlmannii, Peltophorum africanum, Sterculia rogersii, Ozo- roa obovata, Vangueria cyanescens, Rhus gueinzii and Xeromphis obovata are all frequent tree species. Eugenia mossambicensis, Salacia kraussti and Dichapetalum cymosum are very common small shrubs forming large communities. Cassia petersiana, usually growing as a shrub is on the increase and has spread rapidly in small thickets. The grass cover is generally good, up to 1 m high, and attracts large numbers of animals to the hill. Panicum maximum, Pogonarthria squarrosa, Aristida spp., Digitaria pentzii, Eragrostis superba, E. rigidior, Sporobolus
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 9
fimbriatus, Perotis patens, Eustachys paspaloides, Heteropogon contortus, Schmidtia pappophoroides and Tricholaene monachne are common while Hyper- thelia dissoluta is becoming more widespread.
On the NW slopes, after a number of consecutive seasons with good rains, the drainage lines have formed a “‘sponge’’ (which is dissected by the main road) from which tiny streams strickle down towards Inyamiti. A different community of plants, favouring the very wet conditions, can be found here.
Acacia nigrescens Woodland
On the eastern slopes of Ndumu Hill and roughly encircling it on old boulder beds there is Acacia nigrescens Thicket. The other larger trees are Combretum spp., Schotia brachypetala, Albizia spp., Acacia gerrardii, A. burkei, Galpinia transvaalica, Bolusanthus speciosus, Peltophorum africanum and Berchemia zey- heri. Smaller trees such as Ehretia rigida, Rhus gueinzii, Dichrostachys cinerea, and shrubs such as Grewia caffra, G. villosa, and Croton menyhartii also occur. The drainage lines have slightly different species, Spirostachys africana and Sideroxylon inerme among them. Panicum maximum, Heteropogon contortus and Themeda triandra are amongst the most common grasses.
In the west, there is a mosaic of woodland and savanna areas interspersed with shrub and thicket. There are almost pure stands of Acacia nigrescens Woodland with scattered large specimens of Combretum imberbe, Lonchocarpus capassa and Bolusanthus speciosus. Themeda triandra predominates in the 1 m high grass cover. A feature of the area is the circular grass formations around termitaria. The main constituents of these communities are Aristida congesta subsp. barbicollis, Heteropogon contortus and Digitaria argyrograpta, but these grasses have not been adequately collected and it is possible that more species might be present.
Evenly spaced Acacia nilotica Woodland with occasional A. nigrescens covers a large area. Panicum maximum and Themeda triandra provide the good grass cover.
A. nilotica and A. luederitzii var. retinens on wet soils near drainage lines in the west, form a fairly uniform low woodland with A. senegal, Dichrostachys cinerea, Albizia petersiana subsp. evansii forming thickets. Grasses are Panicum maximum, P. coloratum and Urochloa mossambicensis.
In an area west of the Mahemane, where Chloris roxburghiana is fairly common, A. nigrescens is the dominant tree species, and with Ziziphus mucronata, Albizia petersiana subsp. evansii, A. grandicornuta, forms an open woodland with scattered thickets of Cordia ovalis and Croton menyhartii.
There are well-defined seasonal water courses in the west. One of these drains into the western end of Inyamiti pan after passing through the Balemhlanga swamp on the south boundary fence-line. The other flows through from the south-western corner of the reserve, eventually draining into the Usutu floodplain.
10 Journal of South African Botany
Some species commonly found on the Lebombo can be found here, namely Heteropyxis natalensis, Bauhinia galpinii and Vitex harveyana.
The rhyolite outcrops in the Mkonjane area are unique in the reserve and, although a very small part of it, are an important protected example of the Lebombo foothills. Pavetta edentula, Acacia caffra, Olax dissitiflora, Pterocarpus rotundifolius and Combretum apiculatum are typical Lebombo mountain species. Mountain and rhyolite grasses and sedge species found here are Diheteropogon amplectens, Sporobolus festivus var. fibrosus, Tripogon minimus, Oropetium capense and Mariscus sp. prob. M. dubius.
TABLE 2. A LIST OF ANGIOSPERM FAMILIES COMPRISING ONE PER CENT AND MORE OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIES.
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
FAMILY GENERA SPECIES as % of TOTAL POACEAE (Graminae) ....... Sil 13,0 PEGUMINO SAB eee 35 9,1 COMEOSIRAES See 29 6,3 EUPHORBIACEAE SAE ae: 20 4,9 PIBINCE AB eee 15 3,9 RUBIACEAE ear 19 3,9 GYEPBRAGCE AR EE 10 3,8 NIANIWIANGE AR eee 8 DA ACANTHACEAE aeons 13 2,5 ASCEERIADAGEAE Sse eae 14 De) CONVORVULAGCEAE = 7 DB LAMIACEAE (Labiatae)...... 12 2,0 AMARANTHACEAE ........ 13 7 CAPPARACEAE oe 7 Lod CUGCURBIMACEAES eee 10 17 VERBENACEAE EEE 10 1.5 COMBREDACBAE == 55.552 4 1,5 COMMELINACEAE ......... 6 133 INRO@GYNAGE ARS 9 1,3 TILIACEAE Rare ee, Shere 3 le, LORANTHACEAE .......... 2 il. Jl BORAGINACEAE .......... 4 itl SOLANACEAE Reece 4 1,0 CELPASTRAGEAES Seer 5 1,0 ORCHIDACEAE eer 6 1,0
FLORISTICS
Analysis of the flora of Ndumu Game Reserve, based on this checklist, reveals the following plant species: 1 Bryophyte, 4 Pteridophytes, 241 Monocotyledons and 644 Dicotyledons. Angiosperm families comprising | per cent and more of the total number of species are listed in order of numerical importance in Table 2. Varieties, sub-species and forms have not been counted unless the record is the
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 11
only one for the species to which they refer (if these were to be included the checklist would number over 900 entities).
The largest genera are:
Cyperus, Acacia (15); Eragrostis (13); Hibiscus, Ipomoea (11); Digitaria, Asparagus, Euphorbia, Senecio (10); Combretum (9); Loranthus, Indigofera, Helichrysum (8); Panicum, Sporobolus, Grewia, Pavetia, (7); Phyllanthus, Plec- tranthus, Justicia, Vernonia (6); Setaria, Commelina, Aloe, Albizia, Cassia, Crotalaria, Ceropegia, Heliotropium, Solanum (5).
CHECKLIST
The arrangement follows that of the Flora of Natal (Ross, 1972), and where additional material is represented it follows the Genera of Southern African Flowering Plants (Dyer, 1976). The ferns are arranged according to Flora Zambesiaca, Pteridophyta (Schelpe, 1970). The numbers in brackets before family names are those used in Ross, and the generic number, from the same source, is listed in the left hand margin next to the first species of the genus.
All herbarium numbers following the specific names are mine except where another collector’s initial is attached to the number (an explanation of the initials is listed below). Where no number is supplied, the plant is well known and has been observed but not collected. An asterisk (*) indicates that a plant occurs in the camp or crocodile farm gardens and was transplanted from outside, but nearby the game reserve. Only one collector’s number has been listed for each plant although there are often many more specimens in the herbarium.
Some notes on the plants have been included but are entirely random observations, made in Ndumu Game Reserve. Many of the plants must be utilised to a far greater extent by insects, animals and man, but only known personal observations (with some additions from A. C. Pooley) and where indicated, from the herbarium notes of other collectors in the reserve, have been listed. Some information was also extracted from various papers such as Anderson and Pooley (1977), Dixon (1966), Dutton (1972), Oatley (1964), Pooley (1968), Scotcher (1974) and Tinley (1964a).
Some Zulu names of plants with edible fruits have been included, but no attempt has been made to provide a complete list of Zulu names.
Such observations on locality and abundance of plants as are included, are subject to the effect of rainfall, the artificial and irregular flooding of the Pongola river caused by the Jozini dam, and the feeding and trampling effect of the animal populations within the reserve. Reference to locality of plants indicates the area in ‘which they are most commonly found, and are not the only area in which they are found.
12 Journal of South African Botany
Growth form (after Compton, 1966) has been described in the broadest terms, to assist the field worker, and these are defined as:
Trees: a typical tree is a woody plant with a single main trunk. However, some multistemmed woody plants are too well developed to be called shrubs and are listed as trees.
Shrubs: mostly woody plants which do not usually produce a single main trunk, branching from ground level, with many more-or-less equivalent and often interlacing branches. Some single stemmed plants are of small stature and limited development, and have, therefore, been classed as shrubs.
Herbs: this includes a large number of growth forms in which stems are relatively soft, although the lower parts of stems and rootstock can be woody.
Bulbs: perennial plants whose underground resting organs have a swollen form and act as storage receptacles (bulbs, corms, rhizomes).
Succulents: this group includes a variety of plants whose most conspicuous feature is a fleshy thickening of the aerial parts.
Parasites: plants, partially or wholly dependent on the host plant for nutrition.
Epiphytes: plants independent of soil in any quantity and which can absorb water and nourishment from plant debris through clasping and absorbent roots.
Aquatics: includes plants dependent on open water, either free floating, rooted in underwater-mud with flowers and leaves on surface, or completely submerged.
PPdM P. P. de Moor
HF H. Furness
JVH J. V. Hancock H&B Hilliard and Burtt EJM E. J. Moll
ICP I. C. Player
JHR J. H. Ross
JSBS J. S. B. Scotcher KLT K. L. Tinley
T&W Tinley and Ward CJW C. J. Ward
BRYOPHYTA
HEPATICAE
RICCIACEAE Ricciocarpus natans (L.) Corda 1653 a Aquatic. Pongola Floodplain; flooded depressions.
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 13
PTERIDOPHYTA EQUISETALES
Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. 1355 Herb. Usutu Floodplain. Frequent on sandy alluvium, amongst grasses.
FILICALES MARSILIACEAE Marsilia apposita Launert 1599 Aquatic in seasonal pools. Mahemane.
AZOLLACEAE Azolla pinnata R.Br. 1653 Aquatic. Plentiful in Pongola river.
ADIANTACEAE Pellaea viridis (Forsk.) Prantl 486 Herb. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
THELYPTERIDACEAE
Thelypteris dentata (Forsk.) E. St. John 487 Herb. Usutu Riverine Forest, in damp depressions.
SPERMATOPHYTA
MONOCOTYLEDONEAE (5) TYPHACEAE
49 Typha latifolia L. subsp. capensis Rohrb. 1484 Isolated patches on flood- plains, not widespread. Favoured by Thick-billed weaver birds for their nests, which are usually constructed between two stems.
(7) POTAMOGETONACEAE 58 Potamogeton crispus L. 629 Aquatic. Inyamiti, Banzi Pan, common. Valuable source of food for waterfowl and fish and provides shelter and food for molluscs
and aquatic insects. P. pectinatus L. 491 KLT Aquatic. Inyamiti pan. Valuable source of food for waterfowl and fish and provides shelter and food for molluscs and aquatic insects.
(8) RUPPIACEAE 59 Ruppia maritima L. 507 KLT Aquatic. Inyamiti pan.
(10) NAJADACEAE ck 64 Najas marina L. subsp. delilei (Rouy) Maire 3208 CJW Aquatic. Inyamiti pan. Source of food for wildfowl and fish. ; N. pectinata (Parl.) Magnus 457 KLT Aquatic. Banzi pan.
(11) APONOGETONACEAE ; 65 Aponogeton junceus Lehm. ex Schlechtd. 1577 Aquatic. Uncommon in sea- sonal pools in Mahemane.
(13) ALISMATACEAE ' 72 Lymnophytum obtusifolium (L.) Mig. 1575 Aquatic herb. Frequent in seasonal
pools in Mahemane. : : | ine Burnata enneandra Micheli 1579 Herb. Fairly frequent in seasonal pools In
Mahemane (1st record for Natal).
14
(14) 88
95
(15) 107
119 125
126
127a
132
Journal of South African Botany
HYDROCHARITACEAE
Lagarosiphon verticillifolius Oberm. 1551 Aquatic. Frequent in seasonal pools in Mahemane.
Ottelia exserta (Ridley) Dandy 1548 Aquatic. Uncommon in seasonal pools in Mahemane. Growing in | m of water, leaves floating, flowers erect.
PGACEAE (Nom. alt. Gramineae)
Coix lacryma-jobi L. 589 Uncommon. Usutu Floodplain. The nut-like, hard sheaths of inflorescences are used by Tongas as beads.
Ischaemum brachyatherum (Hochst.) Fenzl 1095 Edge of Pongola Floodplain.
Urelytrum squarrosum Hack. 1216 Ndumu Hill. Uncommon in deciduous broad-leaf woodland.
Rhytachne robusta Stapf 895 KLT On drainage lines and in the Balemhlanga swamp.
Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & C. E. Hubb. 1163 Floodplains. Exten- sively grazed by hippo and antelope.
Elyonurus argenteus Nees KLY Common in A. nigrescens Woodland.
134 Andropogon gayanus Kunth var. squamulatus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.),
134A
134D
134G
134J
134N
134R
136
Stapf 1232 Ndumu Hill. Frequent in deciduous broad-leaf woodland.
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. 402 KLT
S. versicolor Anderss. 1618 Mkonjane. Uncommon in A. nigrescens Wood- land.
S. verticilliflorum (Steud.) Stapf 1427 Common on floodplains. New leaves after burn grazed by hippo. Vervet monkeys eat seeds.
Bothriochloa glabra (Roxb.) A. Camus 1569 Usutu Floodplain. Seasonally flooded depressions.
B. insculpta (Hochst.) A.Camus 781KLT ‘‘Invaded large areas of Themeda veld on black loam soils’’ (KLT).
Cymbopogon excavatus (Hochst.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy 1188 Usutu Floodplain. Common.
C. plurinodis (Stapf) Stapf ex Burtt Davy 868 KLT ‘Acacia nigrescens veld” (KLT).
C. validus Stapf ex Burtt Davy 1318 Scattered communities on Usutu Flood- plain.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. 1047 Widespread on floodplains, in woodland and a constituent of the circular grass communities around termitaria in the west.
Diheteropogon amplectens (Nees) W. D. Clayton 1023 KLT Mkonjane. Com- mon on sandy soil of rhyolite outcrops.
Hyperthelia dissoluta (Nees ex Steud.) W. D. Clayton 558 Usutu Floodplain and common on Ndumu Hill in deciduous broad-leaf woodland. Sometimes cut for thatch for the game reserve. The area under H. dissoluta on Ndumu Hill has increased considerably and there is cause for speculation as to whether cutting has aggravated the position.
Themeda triandra Forsk. var. trachyspathea Goossens 1319 Widespread; dominating in Acacia nigrescens Woodland. Grazed by hippo, rhino and antelope.
143 148
161
164
166
166B
166C
166D
166E
166F
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 15
Tragus berteronianus Schult. 1223 Widespread. Common on disturbed areas.
Perotis patens Gandoger 562 Ndumu Hill. Frequent on Hutton red sands in deciduous broad-leaf woodland.
Paspalum commersonii Lam. 1179 Floodplains, above flood water level. Hippo and antelope graze it.
P. urvillei Steud. 93 JSBS
P. vaginatum Swartz 1162 Inyamiti pan (an escape from cultivation). Com- mon on edges of pans, forming pure stands.
Eriochloa meyeranum (Nees) Pilg. (syn. Panicum meyerianum Nees, also included is P. meyeranum Nees var. grandiglume Stent & Rattray KLT 508) 578 Grazed by hippo, rhino and antelope. Common on floodplains.
E. nubica (Steud.) Stapf 1244 Inyamiti pan margins. Common on Usutu Floodplain above Phragmites line.
E. stapfiana Clayton 1370 Balemhlanga. Common in seasonal pools.
Panicum chusqueoides Hack. 1397 E of Pongola Floodplain, in shade of Sand Forest.
P. coloratum L. 1243 Floodplains, seasonal pools. Grazed by hippo, antelope. P. deustum Thunb. 1249 Common in Mahemane and Ulukondo—in dense thicket and in Sand Forest. Grazed.
P. infestum Anderss. ex Peters 1592 Ndumu Hill drainage line.
P. kalaharense Mez 1217 Ndumu Hill. Infrequently scattered in deciduous broad-leaf woodland.
P. maximum Jacg. 559 Widespread and common especially in woodland on Ndumu Hill and in pure stands of A. tortilis. Important grazing for hippo, rhino and antelope.
P. subalbidum Kunth. (syn. P. glabrescens Steud.) 2945 CJW Floodplain. ‘“*Common in wet mud’’ (KLT).
Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) Dandy 1254 Widespread; common on dis- turbed areas. Grazed by hippo and antelope. U. trichopus (Hochst.) Stapf 962 KLT Usutu Floodplain.
Brachiaria nigropedata (Munro) Stapf 1563 b Ndumu Hill drainage line. B. xantholeuca (Hack.) Stapf. 1563a N slope, Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. 1457 Pongola Floodplain, on edge of water. E. holubii (Stapf) Stapf 1262 Common in seasonally inundated pools and depressions. ave my E. pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchcock & Chase This species has two distinct growt
forms: 1354 *‘Funga makala’’—‘‘erect’’ form occurs on soil that dries out after summer
floods. This form is utilized very little by animals (“‘hairy form” Ward 2030
according to Flora of Natal). : ; : 1353 *‘Mbuku’’—‘‘prostrate’’ form occurs in wet depressions on the floodplain
or actually floats at the edges of permanent or semi-permanent _ pans. It is extensively grazed, particularly by hippo (“glabrous form’’ Ward 6151 according to Flora of Natal).
Sacciolepis curvata (L.) Chase 1221 woodland and Sand Forest. Digitaria adscendens (H.B.K.) Henr. 1384 Ndumu Hill. Deciduous broad-leaf
woodland. D. argyrograpta (Nees) Stapf munities around termitaria in the we
Ndumu Hill. In deciduous broad-leaf
1379 A constituent of the circular grass com- stern A. nigrescens Woodland.
168
168A
169 17
—
174 175
194
Journal of South African Botany
Digitaria eriantha Steud. 1937 JHR Ndumu Hill. Deciduous broad-leaf wood- land.
D. gymnostachys Pilg. 1651 Ulukondo. Growing on white sand in Sand Forest.
D. longiflora (Retz.) Pers. 1587 Ndumu Hill, on seasonally inundated ‘sponge’ near main gate.
D. pentzii Stent 1371 Widespread in woodland and on dry floodplain. Grazed by hippo and antelope.
D. sp. c.f. smutsti Stent 54 ICP Inyamiti pan margins. Grazed by hippo. Almost impossible to distinguish from D. macroglossa Henr.
D. swazilandensis Stent 1627 Floodplains and seasonal pools. Grazed by hippo.
D. ternata (A. Rich.) Stapf 56 ICP Inyamiti pan margins. Grazed by hippo. Annual weed.
D. zeyheri (Nees) Henr. 1038 Pongola Floodplain margins. Grazed by hippo.
Tricholaena monachne (Trin.) Stapf & C. E. Hubb. 1226 Usutu Floodplain and Ndumu Hill, woodland.
Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C. E. Hubb. 1428 Widespread. Common on margins of roads.
Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. JSBS_ Riverine Forest.
Setaria chevalieri Stapf ex Stapf & C. E. Hubb. 395 Riverine Forest. Grazed by hippo.
S. neglecta de Wit 862 KLT Common in Acacia/Albizia Thicket in western area.
S. sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C. E. Hubb. ex M. B. Moss 18 PPdM
S. verticillata (L.) Beauv. 1503 Pongola Floodplain.
S. woodii Hack. 1190 Floodplains and seasonally inundated depressions.
Cenchrus ciliaris L. 1805 Disturbed areas.
Pennisetum glaucocladum Stapf & C. E. Hubb. 1426 Infrequent stands on floodplains near water.
Leersia hexandra Sw. 1580 Banzi pan in floating raft of vegetation over 3 m of water.
208 Aristida adscensionis L. (syn. A. curvata (Nees) Trin. & Rupr.) 41 PPdM
230
A. canescens Henr. subsp. canescens 617 Usutu Floodplain.
A. congesta R. & S. subsp. congesta 1016 Widespread in woodland and open grassland. Hippo and antelope graze it.
A. congesta R. & S. subsp. barbicollis (Trin. & Rupr.) de Winter 998 Wide- spread in woodland and open grassland. Constituent of the circular grass communi- ties around termitaria in the western Acacia nigrescens veld. Grazed by hippo and antelope.
A. ne Hack. ex Schinz subsp. graciliflora (Pilger) Melderis 1235 Wide- spread in woodland. Grazed by hippo and antelope.
Sporobolus consimilis Fres. 1039 KLT Floodplain margins.
S. festivus Hochst. ex A. Rich. var. fibrosus Stapf ex Stent 1017 KLT Uncom- mon on sandy soil in depressions on rhyolite outcrops. Mkonjane.
S. fimbriatus Nees forma 1081 Usutu Floodplain. Included is S. fimbriatus Nees var. /atifolius Stent 1300 Common, widespread especially on disturbed areas. Grazed by hippo and antelope.
S. nitens Stent 1161 Mahemane, near paths and roads. Grazed by hippo and antelope.
282
287
288
288A
298
299
302
305
307
310
3172
S17. 333
3377)
337A
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 17
Sporobolus pyramidalis Beauv. 1330 Usutu Floodplain.
S. smutsii Stent 1258 Mahemane. Common in thicket. Grazed by hippo and antelope.
S. virginicus (L.) Kunth 1160 Inyamiti pan margins. Extensively grazed by hippo and antelope.
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. 1036 Widespread especially at old kraal sites and disturbed areas; also around Inyamiti where it forms ‘lawns’ which provide food for geese, hippo and antelope and probably fish when the grass is inundated.
Enteropogon macrostachyos (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Munro ex Benth. s.n. JSBS E. monostachyos (Vahl) K. Schum. ex Engl. subsp. africanus W. D. Clayton 1_ 1 Mahemane Thicket.
Chloris gayana Kunth 587 Floodplains and pan margins. Common. Grazed by hippo and antelope.
C. roxburghiana Schult. 1306 Western area. Locally common in Acacia nigrescens /Albizia evansii Woodland, west of Mahemane on S boundary.
C. virgata Sw. 619 Floodplains; Bunguzane; Red Cliffs. Grazed by hippo and antelope.
Eustachys paspaloides (Vahl) Lanza & Mattei 999 Widespread, but nowhere abundant.
Tripogon minimus (A. Rich.) Hochst. ex Steud. 1024 KLT Mkonjane, in shallow depressions on rhyolite outcrops.
Tetrapogon mosambicensis (K. Schum.) L. Chippindall ex B. S. Fisher 1389 Seasonal pools, quite common in west.
Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panzer 474 Pongola Floodplain margins.
Dactyloctenium australe Steud. 1642 Ndumu Hill. Woodland. ' D. geminatum Hack. 34 PPdM May only be a robust form of the closely allied stoloniferous D. australe.
D. giganteum Fisher et Schweickerdt 1206 Ndumu Hill. Frequent in wood-
land. Grazed. Annual not stoloniferous.
Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi 1620 Floodplains. me L. uniflora A. Rich. (syn. Craspedorachis uniflora (A. Rich.) Chippindall) 1000 KLT Engabateni. In fairly deep shade of Sand Forest.
Enneapogon cenchroides (Licht.) C. E. Hubb. 1084 Lower slopes of Ndumu Hill in thicket. :
E. scoparius Stapf 1423 E of Pongola Floodplain; Mavilo.
Schmidtia pappophoroides Steud. 552 Ndumu Hill. Common in shade in woodland.
Triraphis schlechteri Pilger ex Stent 116 JSBS
Phragmites australis (Cay.) Trin. ex Steud. 516 iHotwe and Sabatane. On
floodplains and pan edges. L P. paiitianus rcniiss 448 Usutu river banks. On floodplains. Monkeys eat
new shoots. Tonga herd boys make flutes from the dried stem of the reed.
Diplachne eleusine Nees 1040 Balemhlanga. Common on drainage lines in
west. Widespread in woodland. D. fusca (L.) Beauv. ex Stapf s.n. JSBS
Pogonarthria squarrosa (Licht.) Pilg. 554 Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
18
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34
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398
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459
Journal of South African Botany
Trichoneura grandiglumis (Nees) Ekman 555 Ndumu Hill. Woodland. T. sp. 1650 Common on Sand Forest floor in Engabateni, Ulukondo. White sand.
Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees 1377 Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
E. atherstonei Stapf 1041 Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
E. cilianensis (All.) Lutati 161 Ndumu Hill down to Pongola Floodplain and Inyamiti.
E. ciliaris (L.) R.Br. 613 Widespread in woodland and open grassland.
E. cylindriflora Hochst. (syn. E. horizontalis Peter) 1374 Balemhlanga. Sea- sonally inundated depression.
E. gummiflua Nees 1394 Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
E. heteromera Stapf 1231 Usutu Floodplain. Widespread, especially near seasonally inundated pools, and depressions on floodplain. Grazed by hippo.
. Namoena K. Schum. 1045 KLT Inyamiti pan margins.
pallens Hack. 1227 Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
rigidior Pilg. 1234 Ndumu Hill; Usutu Floodplain. Grazed by hippo. rotifer Rendle 1603 Seasonal pools in west.
sp. c.f. E. stapfii De Winter 1203 Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
E. superba Peyr. 1017 Widespread in woodland and in open grassland on Usutu Floodplain. Grazed by hippo and antelope.
E.sp. 1327 Usutu Floodplain.
By By By Gr
Oropetium capense Stapf 1027 KLT Common on rhyolite outcrops, in shallow depressions. Mkonjane.
CYPERACEAE
Note: In this family species are being moved from one genus to another with what sometimes seems incomplete supporting evidence. Scirpus and to a lesser extent Bulbostylis are affected. Until the situation is more stabilised, established generic limits have mostly been followed in this list (Dr. K. D. Gordon-Gray).
Cyperus articulatus L. 1630 Near water’s edge. Banzi pan margins.
C. denudatus L.f. 1566 Seasonal pools.
C. denudatus var. sphaerocarpus (Schrad.) Kuk. 1680 Ndumu Hill drainage
lines.
C. difformis L. 1625 Balemhlanga. Seasonally inundated depressions.
C. digitatus Toxb. subsp. auricomis (Sieber) Kuk. 365a Banzi pan mar- ins.
C. distans L.f. 365 Banzi pan margins and seasonally inundated depressions.
C. fastigiatus Rottb. 1180 Common on floodplains. Hippo graze. Used for making sleeping mats.
C. immensus C.B.Cl. 957 KLT Local patches in Mdipine and Ukehla areas, in reedbeds.
C. margaritaceus Vahl 1012 Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
C. nudicaulis Poir. 1639 In floating ‘raft’ of vegetation on Banzi pan, over 3 m of water.
C. obtusiflorus Vahl 4313 EJM_ Seasonal sponge on main road near main gate.
C. papyrus L. 624 Scattered patches on floodplains, near pans.
C. rotundus L. 1502 Edge of Pongola Floodplain.
C. rupestris Kunth 1586 Drainage line, Ndumu Hill.
C. sexangularis Nees 1430 Mdipine area. Seasonally flooded depression on Usutu Floodplain.
C. teneriffae Poir. 1166 Scattered in Mahemane Thicket.
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 19
Oxycaryum cubense (Poep. & Kunth) K. Lye (syn. Scirpus cubensis Poeppig & en ex Kunth) 1471 Banzi pan. In floating raft of vegetation, over 3 m depth of water.
459A Pycreus mundtii Nees 1470 Banzi pan. In floating raft of vegetation, over 3 m of water. P. pelophilus (Ridl.) C.B.Cl. 1643 On sponge on main road, Ndumu Hill. P. polystachyos Beauv. 1046 KLT Inyamiti pan.
459C Mariscus sp. c.f. M. capensis Schrad. 1591 Ndumu Hill drainage line. M. sp. prob. dubius (Rottb.) Hutch. 1468 In depressions on rhyolite outcrops. Mkonjane. M. sp. c.f. indecorus (Kunth) Podlech 1593 a & b Ndumu Hill drainage line.
462 Kyllinga alba Nees 685 JHR Ndumu Hill and Acacia nigrescens Woodland on slopes of Ndumu Hill. K. erecta Schum. 687 JHR Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
467 Fuirena pubescens (Poir.) Kunth 16 PPdM F. leptostachya Oliv. 1644 Annual. On sponge on main road, Ndumu Hill.
468 Scirpus articulatus L. 1623 Balemhlanga. Locally common, in seasonal pools. S. littoralis Schrad. 1682 Inyamiti pan, in 2 m of water. Used for making sitting mats.
S. muricinux C.B.Cl. 1263 Mahemane. Frequent in seasonal pools.
469 Eleocharis fistulosa Link 1624 Balemhlanga. Frequent in seasonal pools.
471 Fimbristylis bis-umbellata (Forsk.) Bub. 840 KLT Usutu Floodplain. Locally abundant.
—
471A Bulbostylis burchellii (Fic. & Hiern) C.B.Cl. 611 Usutu Floodplain, Ndumu Hill. Open grassland and woodland. B. contexta (Nees) Bodard 1943 JHR Ndumu Hill. Woodland. B. parvinux C.B.C1. 2015 CJW Ndumu Hill. “Common throughout sandy soil community’? (CJW)
(17) ARECACEAE (nom. alt. Palmae)
528 Phoenix reclinata Jacq. 59/33 PPdM Common along water courses. Seldom growing as tall as at coast. Fruits eaten by bushpig, antelope, monkeys and man (iSundu). Leaves stripped by weaver birds for nests. The stem was tapped in Ndumu for the sweet sap which is used to brew beer. The young fruits attract many insects by day (ants, wasps, bees) and many moths by night. It is difficult to observe what they are all feeding on—they appear to be sucking sap.
553 Hyphaene natalensis Kuntze 609 Ndumu Hill. Uncommon. Woodland. The fibre from the leaves is used for binding and in the manufacture of baskets (iLala).
(18) ARACEAE .
692 Zamioculcas zamiifolia (Lodd.) Engl. 1638 Bulb. Ulukondo. Common in Sand Forest.
693 Gonatopus sp. 322 Bulb. Widespread—occasionally in large communities. Flaweting Beal needed. In woodland, thicket and Sand Forest. Bushpig eat the whole plant.
764 Stylochiton natalense (Sond.) Schott 741 Bulb. Ndumu Hiill. commen in woodland and in Sand Forest where it grows as a much more robust plant.
20
791
(19) 794
796
(24) 896
Journal of South African Botany
Pistia stratiotes L. 681 Aquatic. Banzi pan; Mvutsheni pan; Pongola river “Old Course’. Forms large floating mats.
LEMNACEAE
Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Aquatic. Common constituent of aquatic floating plant communities on Pongola Floodplain (Musil).
S. punctata (G. F. W. Meyer) Thompson Aquatic. Common constituent of aquatic floating communities on Pongola Floodplain (Musil).
Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimmer Aquatic. Common constituent of aquatic floating communities on Pongola Floodplain (Musil).
COMMELINACEAE
Commelina africana L. 1004 Herb. Common, widespread. Flowers close at noon.
C. benghalensis L. 1265 Herb. Common, Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Flowers close at mid-morning.
C. diffusa Burm.f. 1360 Herb. Common on Pongola Floodplain. Almost exclusive herb in Cyperus fastigiatus area of Pongola Floodplain on black clay exposed after flooding. Flowers close at noon.
C. erecta L. 412 Herb. Common, Ndumu Hi!l. Woodland and Riverine Forest. C. forskalaei Vahl 1634 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Common. Woodland (1st record for Natal).
899 Aneilema dregeanum Kunth 1399 Common east of Pongola Floodplain in low
899A
899B
903
904
(27)
963
975A
985
scrub. Flowers close at night.
A. petersii (Hassk.) C.B.Cl. 1808 Herb. Frequent in shade. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
A. schlechteri K. Schum. 1679 E slope Ndumu Hill. Large communities in woodland. Grazed.
Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Brenan 202 Herb. Ndumu Hill, on drainage lines. Flowers open mid-afternoon, close at sunset. Grow in small clumps. Grazed by antelope.
Ballya zebrina (Chiov.) Brenan 1255 Prostrate herb. Mahemane. Common in thicket.
Coleotrype natalensis C.B.C1. 287 Herb. Ulukondo, common locally in Sand Forest. Open early morning, close late afternoon.
Cyanotis speciosa (L.f.) Hassk. 134 Bulb. Ndumu Hill slopes. Flowers close at midday. When flowers close, stamens curl inwards, pollen first, one over another, then the petals.
LILIACEAE
Gloriosa superba L. 1825 Bulb, climber with tendrils. Ndumu Hill. Frequent, especially on the edge of thickets where it is protected from browsing antelope.
Camptorrhiza strumosa (Bak.) Oberm. 915 Bulb. Scattered communities on Ndumu Hill. Grows in full sun amongst grasses in woodland.
Bulbine asphodeloides (L.) Roem. & Schult. 37 Herb. Mkonjane, margins of Pongola Floodplain. In Acacia nigrescens Woodland. Flowers close at night, not to re-open.
989 Anthericum galpinii Bak. var. galpinii 246 Bulb. Ndumu Hill. Frequent,
especially on slopes. Woodland. Flowers open early morning, close midday.
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 21
989A Trachyandra saltii (Bak.) Oberm. var. secunda (Krause & Dinter) Oberm. 229 Herb. Common on Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Flowers open early afternoon and close late evening. Grazed.
990 Chlorophytum sp. c.f. C. aridum Oberm. 1420 Herb. Mavilo. In shade of thicket on ‘island’ in swamps. C. comosum (Thunb.) Jacques 497 Herb. Widespread in Mahemane Thicket. Browsed by antelope and rootstock eaten by bushpig.
1012 Eriospermum mackenii (Hook.f.) Bak. 131 Bulb. On seepage line, Ndumu Hill; Mkonjane. Leaves curl up at sides in heat of day. Flowers open towards midday and close after dark. Flower after rain, a number of times a year.
1026 Aloe chabaudii Schonl. 634 Succulent. Common in Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Leaves and flowering stems browsed. A. marlothii Berger var. marlothii 643 Succulent. Widespread, common, espe- cially in disturbed areas and in Acacia nigrescens Woodland. Monkeys, birds, insects (especially bees, ants, flies, beetles) and people suck the nectar. Dry old leaves are used by the Tongas in making snuff. A. parvibracteata Schonl. var. zuluensis (Reynolds) Reynolds 644 Succulent. Widespread, common, sometimes forming large communities. Monkeys eat flower buds. Leaves and flowers browsed by rhino and antelope. A. rupestris Bak. Succulent. Ulukondo. Rare. In Sand Forests. Large camp garden specimens transplanted from Ulukondo in early 1960s. A. sessiliflora Pole Evans * Succulent. From Abercorn drift track, on Lebombo foothills just outside game reserve western boundary. Planted in camp and crocodile farm gardens.
1079 Albuca angolensis Welw. 220 Bulb. Mahemane, Ulukondo. In large communi- ties in thicket and Sand Forest. A. pachychlamys Bak. 663 Bulb. Mkonjane. In open woodland.
1080 Urginea delagoensis Bak. 642 Bulb. Mahemane. Frequent but scattered in thicket. Browsed by antelope. rai U. epigea R. A. Dyer 3 Bulb. Ndumu Hill. In Acacia nigrescens Woodland. Scattered communities. Plants form clumps. Flowers open early morning, close by early afternoon. Browsed by antelope. U. indica (Roxb.) Kunth var. multiflora Oberm. 661 Bulb. Mahemane. Fre- quent in thicket. Flowers open at about 13h30, close in evening. Common but widely scattered. Leaves and flowers browsed. U. indica (Roxb.) Kunth (query) 127 Bulb. Ndumu Hill. This plant differs markedly from 661—has different bulb and leaf; fewer, larger flowers; 1s heavily and unpleasantly scented (661 is unscented); flowers at night (661 opens at midday, closes in the evening). Numerous specimens of both plants occur in the same locality on the margins of Pongola Floodplain and lower Ndumu Hill near the crocodile farm. 127 is common on the sponge on the main road near the main gate. Buds droop downwards, flowers open upwards.
1084 Dipcadi marlothii Engl. 1583 Bulb. Widespread on Ndumu Hill, not common.
Woodland. D. viride (L.) Moench 476 Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Frequent but scattered.
Browsed by antelope.
. ‘ i dland. 1086A Ledebouria apertiflora (Bak.) Jessop 1811 Bulb. Ndumu Hill. Woo L. revoluta ER 1812 Bulb. E slope Ndumu Hill in Acacia nigrescens
Thicket.
7272
1089
1090
1113
(28) 1110
(31) 1167
1168
1189
Journal of South African Botany
Ornithogalum longibracteatum Jacq. 535 Uluk. 162 Nd. Hill Bulb. Uluk- ondo; Ndumu Hill. On Ndumu Hill, plants are much smaller in all respects than Ulukondo specimens. In Sand Forest the bulbs grow above the ground. Sap from the bulb stings fiercely. Ndumu Hill bulbs are very much smaller and are deeply buried. Bushpigs and antelope eat entire plant (both forms).
Drimiopsis maculata Lindl. 35 T&W Bulb. Ndumu Hill in thickets, in wood- land.
Asparagus acocksii Jessop 1137 Climber. Mahemane Thicket. Sickly sweet scent.
A. africanus Lam. 72 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Very attractive scent. A. buchananti Bak. 1348 Climber. Mahemane Thicket.
A. densiflorus (Kunth) Jessop 1145 Herb. Mahemane Thicket. Swollen tubers on roots.
A. falcatus L. var. falcatus 847 Climber. Ulukondo; Mahemane. Common in thicket and Sand Forest. Sweetly scented. Browsed by antelope. Monkeys eat shoots and leaves.
A. falcatus L. var. ternifolius (Bak.) Jessop 863 Climber. Widespread and common in thicket and woodland. Strongly scented. Browsed.
A. macowanii Bak. var. zuluensis (N.E.Br.) Jessop 861 Shrub. Ulukondo, Sand Forest. New spike produced each year which develops into a shrub—dies back after a couple of years.
A. minutiflorus (Kunth) Bak. 1486 Herb. E slope of Ndumu Hill. Acacia nigrescens Woodland. Scented.
A. saundersiae Bak. 1152 Climber. Mahemane Thicket.
A. setaceus (Kunth) Jessop 1316 Climber. Acacia tortilis Woodland in west. A. subulatus Thunb. 1138 Climber. Mahemane, locally common in thicket. A. virgatus Bak. 873 Herb. Ndumu Hill; Mahemane. Woodland and thicket. Monkeys eat whole plant.
AGAVACEAE
Sansevieria desertii N.E.Br. 1437 Bulb. Mahemane. In thicket, forming large communities. Flowers open in evenings, droop by morning. Scented. Do not flower every year. Spike on tip of leaf raises sore bump on human skin. Occasionally eaten by rhino and antelope.
S. grandis Hook.f. var. zuluensis N.E.Br. 1816 Bulb. Ulukondo. Locally common in Sand Forest. Flowers caramel-toffee scented, open in evening. Browsed by nyala.
S. hyacinthoides (L.) Druce 817 Bulb. Widespread, common. Forms large communities especially in disturbed areas in thicket and woodland. Fibre from leaves used for binding twine in manufacture of baskets. Browsed by rhino and antelope. Mole rats eat the rootstock.
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Haemanthus multiflorus Mart. 660 Bulb. Widespread on Ndumu Hill; also in west, in woodland and thicket. Plants usually found in shade. Leaves appear with flowers. Browsed by antelope. Bushpig eat entire plant.
Boophane disticha (L.f.) Herb. 982 Bulb. Mkonjane. Acacia nigrescens Woodland on rocky ground.
Crinum acaule Bak. 106 Bulb. Ndumu Hill, woodland, common. Flowers open late afternoon and close at about 08h00 next day. Ovary buried in sand with fruits developing just below or at surface. Leaves continually browsed, and flowers too. They seldom survive the night. Very heavy, lovely scent. Flowers
1314
(38) 1422a
1568
1648
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 23
normally open with storm or rain and plant can bloom a number of times a year. pears grow continuously unless browsed. Antelope browse. Bushpigs eat the ulb.
C. delagoense Verdoorn 1502 Bulb. Ndumu Hill, infrequent. Woodland.
C. macowanii Bak. 707 Bulb. Frequent on margins of Pongola Floodplain. Scented. Buds and stem held upwards. As flowers open, stem rests on ground. Flowers open upwards. Some leaves 2 m long and 100 mm wide in deep shade. C. paludosum Verdoorn 282 Bulb. Frequent in west in seasonal pools and on drainage lines. Faintly scented.
HYPOXIDACEAE
Hypoxis angustifolia Lam. 105 Bulb. E slope Ndumu Hill.
H. rooperi S. Moore 662 Bulb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Flowers open early and close at midday.
DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea cotinifolia Kunth 694 Climber. Mahemane, common. Thicket and
Sand Forest. Pretty pink galled fruits found quite frequently. D. sylvatica (Kunth) Eckl. 539 KLT Climber. In thicket.
IRIDACEAE Dietes flavida Oberm. 657 Herb. Mkonjane. In thicket on rhyolite outcrops. Flowers open late morning and close at dusk. Browsed by antelope.
Gladiolus dalenii van Geel 1652 Bulb. Infrequent on Ndumu Hill, in thickets in woodland, (perhaps for protection from bushpigs which eat the bulbs with relish).
G. sp. 1611 Bulb. Banks of Pongola river. More material needed. Flowers large white/pink.
Lapeirousia grandiflora Bak. 796 Bulb. Ndumu Hill. Infrequent, usually found on edge of thickets. First day, bud opens slowly, second day open fully, pollen visible—third day pollen lost, flower closes up slowly in afternoon. Drops next day. Orange seeds germinate readily. Bushpig eat the corms.
ORCHIDACEAE oe Bonatea boltonii (Harv.) Bolus 1398 Bulb. East of Pongola Floodplain in thicket in open woodland.
B. saundersiae Harv. 633 Bulb. Mahemane Thicket. Leaves usually dead at time of flowering. Spur unfurls weeks before flower opens. Browsed by antelope.
Ansellia gigantea Reichb. f. var. nilotica Summerh. 654 Epiphyte. Mahemane; Ulukondo; Engabateni; east of Pongola Floodplain. Fairly common in Sand Forest and thicket. Huge clumps of roots and pseudobulbs. Scented. Flowers last a long time (weeks). Known by Tongas as the ‘monkey’s sugar cane because the monkeys eat the plant. Large clumps were placed in trees in the camp in the early 1960’s.
Eulophia hereroensis Schltr. 96 Bulb. Ulukondo. In Sand Forest and thickets in woodland. Bushpig eat the rootstock.
E. leachii Gace Ze Hall 304 Bulb. Mahemane Thicket. Flowers appear with new leaves. Browsed by antelope.
E. petersii Reichb.f. 175 Bulb. Mahemane; Mkonjane. In thicket and on thyolite outcrops in west. Grow in large clumps—inflorescences will grow to a height of 2 m and more (when in shade) to reach the light.
24
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1837
Journal of South African Botany
Cyrtorchis praetermissa Summerh. 1202 Epiphyte. Ulukondo, Sand Forest. Not common, found in valley-mist areas.
Mystacidium capense (L.f.) Schlechter 852 Epiphyte. Ulukondo Sand Forest. In valley-mist belt, seldom found below 2 m. Scented at night.
1837a Microcoelia exilis Lindl. 353 Epiphyte. Ulukondo Sand Forest and on trees adjacent to Inyamiti and Banzi pans. DICOTYLEDONEAE (43) ULMACEAE 1902 Trema orientalis (L.) Bl. 839 Tree. Usutu Floodplain and in disturbed areas in
(44) 1961
(46) 1980
(48) 2074
2093
(49) 2118
(50) 2131
Riverine Forest. Birds eat fruits. Browsed by antelope. Young plants in shade of forest can have very large leaves.
MORACEAE
Ficus capreifolia Del. 398 Shrub. Floodplains and especially the Pongola river banks. Browsed. Used for making Fonya fishing baskets and the leaf is used as sandpaper by the Tongas when carving household utensils.
F. sycomorus L. 823 Tree. Floodplains and Riverine Forest. Trees can be found fruiting at almost any time of the year. The fruits can be very sweet. The Tongas mash them up with water when food is scarce at the end of winter. Birds, monkeys, bushbabies, antelope, bushpig and people eat the figs (umKhiwane). The leaves are browsed by antelope. Ripe fruits are used as bait for catching barbel.
URTICACEAE Laportea peduncularis (Wedd.) Chew 396 Shrub. Usutu Riverine Forest.
LORANTHACEAE—the family is attractive to sunbirds.
Loranthus bolusii Sprague 1675 Parasite. Ndumu Hill. Thicket in woodland and in pan-edge community on Acacia grandicornuta.
L. dregei Eckl. & Zeyher 872 Parasite. Pongola Floodplain, Ndumu Hill. On Trichilia emetica.
L. kalachariensis Schinz 1364 Parasite. Ndumu Hill. On Acacia burkei.
L. kraussianus Meisn. 812 Parasite. Mahemane Thicket, floodplains (in thickets).
L. minor (Harv.) Sprague 1676 Parasite. S bank Inyamiti in thicket. On Maytenus heterophylla. Faintly scented.
L. ngamicus Sprague 801 Parasite. Mahemane Thicket. On Acacia tortilis.
L. oleaefolius Cham. & Schlechtd. 702 JHR Parasite. Ndumu Hill. on Acacia burkei.
L. quinquenervis Hochst. 1436 Parasite. Mahemane Thicket.
Viscum spragueanum Burtt Davy 1481 Parasite. Ndumu Hill. On Strychnos spinosa.
V. verrucosum Harv. 1363 Parasite. Mahemane Thicket on Acacia grandicor- nuta. Forms large masses 1 m in diameter.
SANTALACEAE
Thesium sp. 1660 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Thesium sp. 139 Herb. Mahemane Thicket. Common.
OLACACEAE
Olax dissitiflora Oliv. 1388 Tree. Mkonjane. Uncommon in Acacia nigrescens Woodland.
2136
(52) 2201
2204
(53) 2223
2255
2257
(54)
2292
2293
2299
2309
2311
2312
2314
2324 2328
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 25
Ximenia caffra Sond. var. natalensis Sond. 1173 Shrub. Mahemane Thicket. Fruits eaten by monkeys, birds and man (amaThunduluka). No. 715, from Ndumu Hill where it is common, differs in leaf colour and size but good flowering material is needed for correct determination.
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum aviculare L. 1035 Herb. Edge of Banzi pan.
P. plebeium R.Br. 528 KLT Herb. Dried mudflats.
P. pulchrum Blume 200 Herb. Pongola Floodplain. Common.
P. senegalense Meisn. forma albotomentosum R. Grah. 1358 Herb. Pongola Floodplain. Common in scattered patches.
Oxygonum dregeanum Meisn. var. dregeanum 1809 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Com- mon in woodland.
CHENOPODIACEAE
Chenopodium album L. 297 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Very common in woodland
especially on disturbed ground. Unpleasant scent. C. ambrosioides L. 491 Herb. Usutu River banks. Common.
Arthrocnemum natalense (Bunge ex Ung-Sternb.) Moss var. natalense 460 KLT Inyamiti pan, mudflats. Uncommon.
Salicornia pachystachya Bunge ex Ung-Sternb. 888 Succulent herb. Inyamiti mudflats and stream. Browsed by antelope.
AMARANTHACEAE Celosia trigyna L. 1649 Herb. Ulukondo, locally common. Sand Forest.
Hermbstaedtia odorata (Burch.) T. Cooke 149 Herb. Widespread especially in disturbed areas. Thorny fruit.
Amaranthus thunbergii Mog. 1508 Herb. Common on Ndumu Hill; margins Pongola Floodplain—on disturbed soil.
Cyphocarpa angustifolia Lopr. 1198 Herb. Red Cliffs. Acacia tortilis Thicket. Bunguzane. Browsed by nyala.
Centema subfusca (Moq.) Lopr. 19 TBO Acacia xanthophloea Forest, east of Banzi pan.
Cyathula spathulifolia Lopr. 846 Herb. Ulukondo. Common in Sand Forest. Burr fruit.
Pupalia atropurpurea Mog. 719 Scandent herb. Widespread, common espe- cially in thickets. Clinging burr fruit.
Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) Wight 1560 Herb. Mahemane pools (Ist record for Natal).
Psilotrichum africanum Oliv. 733 Herb. Ulukondo. On edge of Sand Forest.
Achyranthes aspera L. 465 Herb. Ndumu Hill, in thicket; Riverine Forest.
C ‘ . “ys ea (L.) All. 1310 Herb. Mahemane Thicket; Acacia tortilis Woodland.
2328a Achyropsis leptostachya Hook.f. 1195 Herb. Margins of floodplains.
26 Journal of South African Botany
2335 Alternanthera pungens H.B.K. 1507 Prostrate herb. Widespread especially on disturbed ground. ‘Paper thorns’. A. sessilis (L.) DC. 421 KLT ‘‘Common emergent aquatic, usually in water up to 6 m deep”’ (KLT)
2338 Gomphrena celosioides Mart. 1595 Herb. Mahemane, widespread. On edges of seasonal pools.
(55) NYCTAGINACEAE 2347a Commicarpus africanus (Lour.) Dandy 666 Common on south boundary fence- line in the west. Herb. 2349 Boerhavia diffusa L. var. hirsuta Heim. ex descr. 415 Herb. Common on Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Fruits stick to clothing.
2354 Pisonia aculeata L. 1418 Climber. Common in Riverine Forest. No flowers or fruits have been collected at Ndumu.
(57) MOLLUGINACEAE 2376 Limeum fenestratum (Fenzl) Heimerl 754 Herb. Ndumu Hill, woodland. Com-
mon. L. viscosum (J. Gay) Fenzl subsp. viscosum var. glomeratum (Eckl. & Zeyher) Freidr. 1238 Herb. Ndumu Hill, drainage lines.
2382 Gisekia africana (Lour.) O. Kuntze var. africana 150 Prostrate herb. Edge of Pongola Floodplain. Common. G. africana (Lour.) O. Kuntze var. cymosa Adamson 296 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Common. Woodland.
Mollugo nudicaulis Lam. 1552 Herb. Seasonal pools. Common (1st record for Natal).
2388 Glinus oppositifolius A.DC. 364 Herb. Banzi pan margins.
2390 Hypertelis bowkeriana Sond. ex descr. 1607 Herb. Bunguzane. Thicket, on disturbed ground.
2393a Corbichonia decumbens (Forsk.) Exell 360 Herb. East slope Ndumu Hill; Acacia nigrescens Woodland along base of Ndumu Hill. Flowers open midday to sunset and re-open next day.
(58) AIZOACEAE 2395a Zaleya pentandra (L.) Jeffrey 94 Herb. Common in Mahemane Thicket.
2403 Tetragonia expansa Thunb. 1465 Herb. Pongola Floodplain margin (intro- duced).
(59) MESEMBRY ANTHEMACEAE 2405 Aptenia cordifolia (L.f.) N.E.Br. 13 TBO Herb. Thicket.
2405 Delosperma lebomboense (L. Bol.) Lavis 1266 Herb. Common in Mahemane Thicket.
(60) PORTULACACEAE
2406 Talinum caffrum (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyher 303 Herb. Widespread in thicket and woodland. Flowers open afternoon to night. Plants die back in winter, re-shoot from carrot-like rootstock. Bushpig eat the rootstock.
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 27
Talinum portulacifolium (Forsk.) Aschers. ex Schweinf. 201 Succulent herb. Ulukondo, locally common on edge of Sand Forest and thicket. Flowers open at about 15h30 and close in late afternoon. Blooms all summer and dies back in winter to re-shoot from same rootstock—swollen roots, not as well developed as the previous species. Browsed by antelope.
2419 Portulacaria afra Jacq. 842 Succulent shrub. Widespread, particularly at old kraal sites. Occasionally browsed.
2421 Portulaca pilosa L. 1277 Herb. Mahemane Thicket. P. quadrifida L. 1636 Herb. Mahemane Thicket.
(61) BASELLACEAE 2424 Basella paniculata Volkens 4891 EJM_ Climber. Mahemane Thicket.
(63) ILLECEBRACEAE
2465 Pollichia campestris Ait. 295 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Common in woodland on Hutton red sands.
(64) NYMPHAEACEAE
2513 Nymphaea capensis Thunb. 585 Aquatic. Widespread in pools and pans. Flowers remain open for some days. Heavy scent, stronger at night. Hippo eat tubers, monkeys eat exposed roots on mudflats. Tubers collected by Tongas to take home and cook (amaZibo).
N. lotus L. 765 Aquatic. Banzi pan, Inyamiti stream. Flowers open at night, close mid-morning. Tubers eaten by man and beast—see above (amaHlolwane).
(65) CERATOPHYLLACEAE 2516 Ceratophyllum demersum L. 1758 EJM ‘‘Submerged aquatic in open fresh water’ (EJM).
(66) RANUNCULACEAE 2546 Ranunculus multifidus Forsk. 165 Herb. Floodplains. Common.
(67) MENISPERMACEAE 2570 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels 545 Climber. Widespread, common especially in woodland. Browsed.
2574 Cissampelos hirta Klotzsch 2016 CJW Climber. Ndumu Hill. Common.
Woodland. Browsed. C. torulosa E. Mey. ex Harv. 86 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
2643 Epinetrum delagoense (N.E.Br.) Diels 529 Climber. Ndumu Hill, woodland.
Forms dense communities. Fruits eaten by Tongas (inGantaganta).
(68) ANNONACEAE
i i Forest. 2673 Uvaria caffra E. Mey. ex Sond. 783 Climber. Ulukondo. Sand U. lucida Benth. subsp. virens (N.E.Br.) Verde. 1003 KLT Climber. Engaba-
teni. Sand Forest.
2696 Monanthotaxis caffra (Sond.) Verdc. 450 Climber. Widespread, common in woodland and thicket. Browsed by antelope. Birds eat the fruits.
2733 Monodora junodii Engl. & Diels 1412 Tree. Ulukondo, Sand pore taas occasional along the Pongola Floodplain. Fruits eaten by Tongas (umKhotshi).
28 (70)
2813 2825
(71) 2852
(73) 2883
2965a
(74) 3082
3099
3101
3106
3109
3112
Sil M3)
Journal of South African Botany
LAURACEAE Cryptocarya woodti Engl. 847 KLT Pongola Riverine Forest.
Cassytha filiformis L. 1622 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Frequent in woodland.
PAPAVERACEAE Argemone mexicana L. 75 Herb. Usutu Floodplain (introduced).
BRASSICACEAE (nom. alt. Cruciferae)
Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC. 1439 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Common on disturbed ground.
Rorippa madagascariensis (DC.) Hara 1464 Herb. Common on Pongola Floodplain.
CAPPARACEAE
Cleome angustifolia Forsk. subsp. diandra (Burch.) Kers. 391 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Frequent in woodland. Flowers close at midday.
C. monophylla L. 370 Herb. Pongola Floodplain margins. Common. Flowers close midday.
Cladostemon kirkii (Oliv.) Pax & Gilg 29 Tree. Ndumu Hill, towards Bungu- zane and S bank Inyamiti; Ulukondo. Flowers open green, turning white then yellow, petals veined in green. Scented. Flowers appear with new leaves. Browsed by antelope. Roots spread out horizontally from tree. Small piece of root will grow into a tree. Afflicted by a borer. Ripe fruits stink.
Capparis brassii DC. 108 Climber. Mahemane, widespread in thicket. Browsed by antelope.
C. fascicularis DC. var. fascicularis 628 Climber. Mahemane Thicket. Pleas- antly scented flowers.
C. sepiaria L. var. citrifolia (Lam.) Toelken 1267 Scandent shrub. Mahemane Thicket. Particularly common in Acacia tortilis Thicket.
C. tomentosa Lam. 85 Climber. Common, especially on floodplains. Wide- spread. Flowers wilted by early afternoon. Fruits eaten by monkeys and man (umQokolo, uKokwane). Browsed by nyala.
Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Ben. 1197 Tree. Widespread. Much browsed. Insects and birds enjoy the flowers and fruits.
B. foetida Schinz subsp. rehmanniana (Pest.) Toelken 833 Shrub. Mahemane, Ulukondo. Thicket and Sand Forest. Sickly sweet scent. Browsed by antelope.
Cadaba natalensis Sond. 826 Shrub. Widespread, particularly in thicket and woodland. Browsed by antelope.
Maerua angolensis DC. 721 Tree. Mahemane. Thicket and woodland. Browsed by antelope.
M. edulis (Gilg & Ben.) De Wolf 79 Shrub. Mahemane Thicket. Common on roadsides.
M. juncea Pax subsp. crustata (Wild) Wild 219 Climber. Mahemane. Thicket and woodland. Flowers open for a day. Faintly scented. Fruits orange when ripe. Browsed by nyala.
M. rosmarinoides (Sond.) Gilg & Ben. 581 KLT Shrub. Bunguzane.
Thylachium africanum Lour. 80 Shrub. Widespread; common in woodland, thicket and Sand Forest. Flowers close after a day. Much browsed by all antelope. Flowers white becoming pink. Fruits eaten by Tongas (isiKonke).
(79) 3164
3166
3168
(87) 3353
(90) 3443
3446
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 29
CRASSULACEAE Cotyledon wickensii Harv. 520 Succulent. Mahemane Thicket.
Kalanchoe rotundifolia Haw. 14 Succulent. Widespread. Common, especially in thicket. Browsed.
K. rotundifolia (Haw.) Harv. var. peltata Raymond-Ham. 307 Succulent: Ndumu Hill. Uncommon. Woodland. Browsed.
K. sp. 580 Succulent. Mkonjane; E slope Ndumu Hill. Acacia nigrescens Woodland. Plant takes 2 to 3 years to mature. Dies back after flowering but re-shoots from base.
Crassula portulacea Lam. 16 Succulent. Mahemane Thicket and Sand Forest. C. transvaalensis Kuntze 288 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Infrequent. Woodland.
C. sp. 468 Herb. Inyamiti pan margins; Ulukondo; Mahemane. Common in thicket and Sand Forest.
ROSACEAE Rubus rigidus Smith 171 Climber. Pongola Floodplain. Fruits eaten by birds and Tongas (uGagane).
LEGUMINOSAE
Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach) W. F. Wight 1414 Tree. E of Pongola Floodplain.
A. anthelmintica (A. Rich.) A. Brongn. 649 Tree. Dominant in Mahemane; elsewhere in thicket. Conspicuous in August/September when in full flower without leaves. Lovely scent. Browsed by antelope.
A. forbesii Benth. 1403 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Browsed.
A. petersiana (Bolle) Oliv. subsp. evansii (Burtt Davy) Brenan 980 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland; widespread. Browsed by antelope. Trees have coppery spring foliage.
A. versicolor Welw. ex Oliv. 710 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Flowers appear on new shoots. Attractive scent. Parrots eat seeds out of pods.
Acacia albida Del. 3151 CJW Tree. Usutu Floodplain. Uncommon. Some very large specimens. ;
A. borleae Burtt Davy 825 KLT Tree. Isolated patch on road from main gate to Inyamiti.
A. burkei Benth. 527 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland, very common. Flowers unpleasantly scented. Favoured for bird nests perhaps because of the protective vicious thorns. Gum eaten by monkeys and Tongas. Browsed by antelope. A. caffra (Thunb.) Willd. 655 JHR Tree. Mkonjane. Not common, in Acacia nigrescens Woodland. '
A. gerrardii Benth. var. gerrardii 1382 Tree. Frequent in western area, scat- tered elsewhere in woodland and thicket. ; ; A. grandicornuta Gerstner 1177 Tree. Mahemane. Dominant. Widespread in
thicket. Browsed. A. kraussiana Meisn. ex Benth. 1401 Climber. E of Pongola Floodplain on edges of Sand Forest. ;
A. luederitzii Engl. var. retinens (Sim) Ross & Brenan Thicket and woodland near drainage lines in west. ii A. nigrescens Oliv. 897 KLT Tree. Common in the western area; Ndumu Hi slopes. Browsed. .
A. nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. subsp. kraussiana (Benth.) Brenan 1270 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Widespread, dominant in parts of west. Beautiful scent. Monkeys eat
flowers; monkeys and people eat the gum. Browsed.
1125 Tree. Mahemane.
30
Journal of South African Botany
Acacia robusta Burch. subsp. clavigera (E. Mey.) Brenan 790 KLT Tree. Margins of pans, floodplains.
A. schweinfurthii Brenan & Exell var. schweinfurthii 1400 Climber. Riverine Forests. Leaves close in dark or when picked.
A. senegal (L.) Willd. var. rostrata Brenan 1158 Shrub. Widespread but not common. Browsed.
A. tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne subsp. heteracantha (Burch.) Brenan 595 Tree. Widespread, common—forms pure stands. Browsed. Dried seed pods eaten by antelope.
A. xanthophloea Benth. 696 JHR_ Tree. Floodplains, forms pure stands at Shokwe and Banzi. Monkeys eat leaves, buds, flowers, seeds.
3449 Mimosa pigra L. 166 Shrub. Pongola Floodplain.
3452 Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. Two different forms found on Ndumu Hill, woodland; KLT 785 (large leaf) becoming tree-like with black striated bark. ESP 964 (small leaf) remains a many stemmed shrub. Browsed. Nyala eat seed pods. Monkeys eat seeds.
3460 Newtonia hildebrandtii (Vatke) Torre var. hildebrandtii 1111 Tree. Dominant in Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Pink-winged seeds litter the forest floor beautifully.
3506 Schotia brachypetala Sond. 12 Tree. Ndumu Hill, edge of floodplains. Many insects and birds, particularly sunbirds, attracted to flowers. Flowers appear with the new leaves. Leaves browsed. Monkeys eat flower buds. Bark of tree used to dye Tonga fish nets.
S. capitata Bolle 1093 Tree. Mahemane, in thicket. Browsed. Sunbirds parti- cularly attracted to flowers.
3509 Afzelia quanzensis Welw. 1438 Tree. East of Pongola Floodplain. One young specimen in Acacia xanthophloea Forest at Banzi, perhaps seed brought down by floods (from Lebombo mountains).
3528 Bauhinia galpinii N.E.Br. 1655 Shrub. Fontana pan margins, Paphekulu stream. Scandent shrub. Planted in camp and crocodile farm gardens.
3530 Dialium schlechteri Harms 156 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland, Sand Forest. Heavy rather unpleasant scent. People, monkeys and birds eat the fruits (umThiba).
3536 Cassia bicapsularis L. 641 Scandent shrub. Usutu Riverine Forest. C. italica (Mill.) Lam. ex F. W. Anders subsp. arachoides (Burch.) Brenan 92 Sub-woody plant, Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Frequently found on roadsides. C. mimosoides L. sens. lat. 716 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Frequent. C. occidentalis L. 405 Shrub. Usutu Floodplain. C. petersiana Bolle 499 Shrub. Common on Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Sweetly scented. Monkeys eat green pods. Birds eat seeds. Tongas eat seeds (umNem- benembe). Browsed. Forms thickets on the hill and spreads quickly giving cause for concern. C. siamea Lam. 1515 CJW_ Tree. At old kraal site, Usutu Floodplain.
3551 Parkinsonia aculeata L. JEWD_ Tree. Catuane crossing. Riverine Forest (intro- duced).
3561 Peltophorum africanum Sond. Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
3607a Bolusanthus speciosus (Bolus) Harms 19 Tree. Widespread, in woodland and on edges of Usutu Floodplain. Flowers appear with new leaves. Faintly scented.
3669
3688 3702
3718
3719
3720a
3747
3792
3802 3804 3810
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 31
Small worms eat colour off flowers and the leaves. Flower buds eaten by vervet monkeys.
Crotalaria near C. burkeana Benth. 429 Herb. S slope Ndumu Hill. Wood- land.
C. monteiroi Taub. ex Bak.f. 203 Shrub. Ndumu Hill; Usutu Floodplain. Browsed.
C. natalensis Bak.f. TBO Herb. SW corner of reserve.
C. pallida Ait. var. pallida 534 Herb. Pongola Floodplain.
m aba othe Perr. ex DC. 416 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Frequent. Woodland, in shade.
Medicago aschersoniana Urb. 1693 Herb. Ulukondo, Sand Forest. Browsed.
Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A. Rich. 1281 Herb. Usutu Floodplain. Mahe- mane clearing.
I. charleriana Schinz var. charleriana 1442 Herb. Pongola Floodplain margin. I. charleriana Schinz var. sessilis (Chiov.) Gillett 1589 Herb. Pongola Flood- plain margin.
I. costata Guill. & Perr. subsp. macra (E. Mey.) Gillett 1252 Herb. Wide- spread.
I. delagoensis Bak.f. ex Gillett 1554 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Common. Woodland. I. filipes Benth. ex Harv. 1590 Herb. Ndumu Hill drainage line.
I. schimperi Jaub. & Spach var. schimperi 664 Herb. Mkonjane. Common on disturbed areas.
I. spicata Forsk. 169 Herb. Pongola Floodplain. Frequent.
I. vicioides Jaub. & Spach var. rogersii (R. E. Fries) Gillett 1565 Herb. Mahemane pools.
Tephrosia forbesii Bak. subsp. inhacensis Brummitt 363 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Flowers open mid-afternoon. Browsed. T. longipes Meisn. subsp. longipes 753 Herb. Ndumu Hill; Mkonjane. Wood-
land. Browsed. T. semiglabra Sond. 1582 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Common. Woodland.
T. sp. 1259 Herb in Acacia tortilis Woodland. T. sp. 1285 Herb. Ndumu Hill, woodland. T. sp. 308 Herb. Ndumu Hill, woodland.
Mundulea sericea (Willd.) A. Chev. 674 Shrub. Ndumu Hill; Mkonjane. Woodland. Browsed by antelope.
Craibea zimmermannii (Harms) Harms ex Dunn 696 Tree. Ulukondo, Sand Forest. Beautiful when in flower, scented.
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merrill subsp. sesban var. nubica Chiov. Pongola Flood- plain. There appear to be distinct varieties:
541—Perennial tree, with many leaves.
170—Annual shrub, with few leaves.
Ormocarpum trichocarpum (Taub.) Engl. 427 Small tree. Ndumu Hill. Wood- land. Browsed.
Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston 1236 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Zornia capensis Pers. 1692 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl) DC. non (Roth) Schindl. 726 Herb. Pongola Floodplain margins.
32
3821
3828
3834 3856
3864
3870
3891
3892 3897
3898
3905
3910
3910d
Journal of South African Botany
Dalbergia armata E. Mey. Climber. Riverine Forest.
D. obovata E. Mey. 1214 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Infrequent. Woodland.
D. sp. c.f. D. nitidula Welw. ex Bak. 1659 Scandent shrub. Common in Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Collected in flower and pod in February, 1972—the first such flowering and fruiting observed in four years. Flowers appear without leaves. Scented. Browsed.
Pterocarpus angolensis DC. TPD Tree. Usutu river bank. Rare. P. rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce subsp. rotundifolius 1032 KLT Shrub. Mkon- jane.
Lonchocarpus capassa Rolfe 1286 Tree. Scattered in western areas.
Abrus laevigatus E. Mey. 243 Climber. Mkonjane. Thickets in Acacia nigres- cens Woodland and on rhyolite outcrops.
A. precatorius L. subsp. africanus Verde. 572 Climber. Floodplains and Ndumu Hill. Seeds used for decoration by Tongas—in musical instruments and clay pots.
Glycine wightii (R. Grah. ex Wight & Arn.) Verde. 1315 Climber. Usutu Floodplain. Acacia tortilis Woodland. In shade of continuous canopy of forest patches.
Erythrina humeana Spreng. 815 Shrub with large swollen underground root. Ndumu Hill, woodland. Usually protected in thickets from browse, fire. E. lysistemon Hutch. Tree. Usutu Floodplain at old kraal sites.
Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. 1362 Climber. Pongola Riverine Forest.
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. 1347 Herb. Usutu Floodplain.
Rhyncosia minima (L.) DC. var. minima 720 Climber. Common on Ndumu Hill. Flowers closed in afternoon.
R. minima (L.) DC. var. prostrata (Harv.) Meikle 1615 Climber. S boundary, in west.
R. totta (Thunb.) DC. var. totta 722 Climber. Pongola Floodplain.
Eriosema psoraleoides (Lam.) G. Don 1342 Shrub. Floodplains. Forms occa- sional communities. Tongas collect seeds in large quantities, take home and cook mixed with mealie meal, etc. (uTongolo).
Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. 358 Climber. Banzi pan, on floating rafts of vegetation.
V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. var. protracta (E. Mey.) Verde. 252 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Common in woodland. Flowers close before noon. Browsed. Tubers on roots eaten by Tongas.
V. vexillata (L.) Rich. sens. lat. 173 Climber. Pongola Floodplain.
Dolichos trilobus L. subsp. transvaalicus Verdc. 600 Climber. Usutu Flood- plain.
Macrotyloma axillare (E. Mey.) Verde. 1654 Climber. Ndumu Hill. On the 26/2/72 (ESP) and 25/3/55 (ICP) this creeper covered the grasses and shrubs of Ndumu Hill to the point of ‘suffocation’—bleaching of grasses. Browsed, or eaten with grasses by nyala.
M. maranguense (Taub.) Verde. 1824 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Tubers on roots dug up and eaten by Tongas, raw and cooked. Bushpigs also dig up to eat (isiKhondle).
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 33
(91) GERANIACEAE 3928 Pelargonium sp. 2564 CJW Herb. Ndumu Hill.
(92) OXALIDACEAE
3936 Oxalis corniculata L. 709 Herb. Ndumu camp. (Weed) spread by birds which eat seeds. O. semiloba Sond. subsp. semiloba 1292 Herb. Scattered communities on Ndumu Hill and in the west, on roadsides. Flowers close mid-afternoon.
(94) ERYTHROX YLACEAE 3956 Erythroxylon emarginatum Thonn. 1677 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
(95) ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
3978 Tribulus terrestris L. 1602 Herb. Ndumu Hill, Pongola Floodplain. On dis- turbed ground. ‘Devil Thorn.’
(96) BALANITACEAE
3980 Balanites maughamii Sprague 591 Tree. Mahemane Thicket. Common. Browsed. Nyala and monkeys eat fruits. B. pedicellaris Mildr. & Schltr. 311 Tree. Mahemane. Common in thicket.
(97) RUTACEAE
4076 Vepris carringtoniana Mendonca 685 Shrub. Mahemane near main gate and S boundary fence. Only known locality in Natal.
4078 Toddaliopsis bremekampii Verdoorn 860 Shrub. Ulukondo. Frequent in Sand Forest.
4091 Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth. 809 Shrub. Widespread in thicket. Heavy unpleasant scent when leaf or stem is broken. Browsed.
(98) BURSERACEAE
4151 Commiphora neglecta Verdoorn 508 Tree. Ndumu Hill—frequently in large communities in woodland, forming thickets. Browsed. Many species of bird eat the fruits. Tree trunks cut and dried to make floats for fishing nets. Swollen roots dug up and eaten by Tongas and, on a large scale, by bushpigs (umNyela).
C. glandulosa Schinz 723 Tree. E slope Ndumu Hill in Acacia nigrescens
Woodland. Bunguzane (1st record for Natal). ' C. pyracanthoides Engl. subsp. pyracanthoides 78 Shrub. Red Cliffs; Ndumu
Hill; western area in woodland.
(99) PTAEROXYLACEAE 4157 Ptaeroxylon obliquum Eckl. & Zeyher 811 Tree. Mahemane. Common in woodland and thicket. Browsed. Good fire wood.
(100) MELIACEAE ne Rone
4163 Entandophragma caudatum (Sprague) Sprague 2657 / Tree. One large Specie eet of Bunguzane. No young specimens known in the wild. Yellow autumn foliage conspicuous from a great distance (the camp, Ndumu Hill).
4171 Turraea obtusifolia Hochst. 384 Shrub. Ndumu Hill; Mkonjane. Woodland. Browsed.
4175 Melia azedarach L. 878 Tree. Riverine Forests. Monkeys eat flowers and berries (introduced).
34
Journal of South African Botany
4193 Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. 841 Tree. Usutu Floodplain in forest patches.
4195
(101) 4219
4220
(102) 4273
(103) 4283
(104) 4297
429
\o
4309
4325
4327
4343
Trichilia emetica Vahl. subsp. emetica 824 Tree. Widespread. Sweetly scented flowers. Browsed. Fruits eaten by birds, antelope, monkeys (also eat flower buds) and the Tongas who collect the seeds, soak them, squeeze them, cook and eat as soup (umKhuhlu). The wood is used extensively in the manufacture of household utensils by Tongas, and for making drums.
MALPIGHIACEAE
Sphedamnocarpus pruriens (A. Juss.) Szyszyl. 478 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland, and thicket.
Acridocarpus natalitius A. Juss. var. linearifolius Launert Scandent shrub. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Browsed.
POLYGALACEAE
Polygala amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyher 112 Herb. E slope Ndumu Hill. Thicket.
P. senensis Klotzsch 1558 Herb. Bunguzane; Mahemane pools (1st record for Natal).
P. sphenoptera Fresen 126 Herb. Ndumu Hill, woodland.
P. producta N.E.Br. 133a Herb. Margins of Pongola Floodplain. Flowers close at night.
DICHAPETALACEAE
Dichapetalum cymosum (Hook.) Engl. 890 Herb. Very common on Ndumu Hill. Apparently impervious to fire—is the first to shoot again after a burn. 1671 on Ndumu Hill above Ulukondo are very large communities of very hairy plants.
EUPHORBIACEAE
Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Pax & Hoffm. 1279 Shrub. Widespread. Sweetly scented flowers, attract many insects. Birds feed on fruits. Browsed.
Phyllanthus asperulatus Hutch. 1605 (The status of this species is uncertain) Herb. Mdipine. Acacia tortilis Woodland.
P. burchellii Muell. Arg. 1033 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Common in woodland. Leaves close at night or on picking.
P. discoideus (Baill.) Muell. Arg. 942 KLY E of Pongola Floodplain. Browsed.
P. flacourtioides Hutch. 1640 Tree. Pongola Riverine Forest.
P. maderaspatensis L. 724 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Very common.
P. reticulatus Poir. 838 Shrub. Floodplains. Browsed.
Drypetes arguta (Muell. Arg.) Hutch. 782 Tree. Ulukondo. Frequent in Sand Forest.
Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. 1410 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand Forest; also occa- sionally in woodland on Ndumu Hill. Used for making Fonya fishing baskets (thrust baskets).
Antidesma venosum E. Mey. ex Tul. 573 Tree. Pongola Riverine Forest; Ndumu Hill. Browsed. Monkeys, birds, Tongas eat fruits (umShongi).
Cleistanthus schlechteri (Pax) Hutch. 781 Tree. Ulukondo. Common in Sand Forest.
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 35
4345 Bridelia cathartica Bertol.f. subsp. cathartica 650 Shrub. Floodplains. Browsed. Monkeys eat fruits.
4348 Croton gratissimus Burch. 865 Tree. Ulukondo. In Sand Forest. Used to make furniture by Tongas. C. menyhartii Pax 887 Shrub. Bunguzane; widespread and common. Used for Fonya (thrust) fishing baskets. C. pseudopulchellus Pax 868 Shrub. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. C. steenkampiana Gerstner 348 Shrub. Ulukondo. Common on edges of Sand Forest.
4361 Caperonia stuhlmannii Pax 348 Herb. Pongola Floodplain.
4407 Acalypha ecklonii Baill. 1433 Herb. Pongola Riverine Forest. A. glabrata Thunb. 738 Shrub. Engabateni. Uncommon. Sand Forest. Used for Fonya (thrust) fishing baskets. A. indica L. 305 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland; on disturbed ground. A. petiolaris Hochst. 604 Shrub. Usutu Floodplain.
4416 Tragia incisifolia Prain 1597 Herb. Mkonjane. Acacia nigrescens Woodland. T. sp. c.f. T. durbanensis O. Kuntze 772 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Frequent. Plant raises stinging weals on skin. Browsed.
4422 Dalechampia galpinii Pax 679 Climber. Mkonjane. Acacia nigrescens Wood- land in west.
4424 Ricinus communis L. 1813 Shrub. Floodplains (introduced. )
4433 Jatropha variifolia Pax 22 Shrub. Very common in Mahemane Thicket. J. sp. c.f. J. curcas L. 466 Tree. Usutu Floodplain. Sweetly scented flowers. J. sp. 680 Herb. Mkonjane in Acacia nigrescens Woodland.
4464 Suregada zanzibarensis Baill. 1117 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
4478a Spirostachys africana Sond. 1756 EJM Tree. Mahemane. Frequent in pan- edge communities; on boulder beds. Antelope and monkeys eat dried fallen leaves. Stingless bees use these trees extensively for their nests.
4483 Sapium ellipticum (Hochst.) Pax 1342 Tree. Pongola Riverine Forest. S. integerrimum (Hochst. ex Krauss) J. Leon 312 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand
Forest.
4498 Euphorbia cooperi N.E.Br. ex Berger var. cooperi * Succulent shrub. Aber- corn drift. Planted in camp and crocodile farm gardens. E. geniculata Orteg. 404 Herb. Usutu Riverine Forest. E. grandicornis Goebel ex N.E.Br. subsp. grandicornis 646 Succulent shrub. Mahemane. Thicket, disturbed areas, particularly round old kraal sites between Banzi and Inyamiti pans. Attracts many insects when in flower, especially wasps. Monkeys eat fruits. Thorns raise painful, itchy bump on skin.
E. hirta L. 559KLT ‘‘Common weed on floodplain’’. (KLT).
E. hypericifolia L. 145 Herb. Pongola Floodplain margins. _
E. Fe eae ex Boiss. Sareulent tree. Mahemane clearing. Widespread. Monkeys eat flowers and fruits.
E. knuthii Pax 291 Succulent. Mahemane. Common, widespread. i E. pseudotuberosa Pax 121 Bulb. E slope Ndumu Hill. Uncommon. In Acacia
nigrescens Thicket. E. tirucalli L. 66 Succulent s Monkeys eat fruits.
hrub, Ulukondo Sand Forest. Black rhino browse.
36
Journal of South African Botany
Euphorbia triangularis Desf. * Succulent shrub. Abercorn drift, in Lebombo foothills just outside W boundary. Planted in gardens.
4500 Synadenium cupulare (Boiss.) L. C. Wheeler 1048 KLT Shrub. Ulukondo. Sand Forest and thicket. Sap causes severe irritation, raising blisters on skin and causing headache and nausea.
4503 Monadenium lugardae N.E.Br. 67 Succulent. Mahemane—infrequent fairly large communities.
(107) ANACARDIACEAE
4545 Mangifera indica L. Tree. Frequent, very large specimens in Riverine Forests— sometimes large communities. Eaten by man and monkeys (introduced).
4558 Sclerocarya caffra Sond.’ 273 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Common locally in wood- land; occasionally scattered in woodland elsewhere. Spring leaves appear with the flowers. Flowers cup-shaped when first open, petals fold back later, do not close at night. Many insects, especially bees, attracted to flowers. Fruits drop when green, ripen on ground. Eaten by animals and man (mGanu). A beer is brewed from the fruits by the Tongas. Nuts from the hard seed are used as food by the Tongas (uMongo, small but delicious, like a walnut). Bark of the trees is used to dye fish nets. Leaves browsed by antelope. Large caterpillars, found in quantities on S. caffra in mid-summer, are collected and eaten by the Tongas. A large borer grub is also collected to eat, by tapping the bark of the tree until a hollow sound indicates a borer’s hole. Trees can be killed by infestations of this large insect. When in green fruit, some trees become infested by caterpillars which devour all the leaves off the tree, and cover the entire tree, trunk and branches, with fine, strong, silky web. This does not apparently adversely affect the tree, which produces new leaves and soon returns to normal again. It would be useful to have the correct names of the caterpillars, borers and moths associated with this tree.
4563 Lannea stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. 294 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Fruits eaten by monkeys and Tongas (umGanunkomo). Bark of trees used to dye fish nets.
4589 Ozoroa obovata (Oliv.) R. & A. Fernandes var. obovata 378 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Browsed.
4594 Rhus fraseri Schonl. 1230 Shrub. Usutu Floodplain. R. guenzii Sond. var. spinescens (Diels) R. & A. Fernandes 835 Shrub. Widespread. Browsed by nyala. Birds feed on fruits which are also eaten by Tongas (umPhondo). R. sp. 1044 Shrub. E slope Ndumu Hill. Frequent.
(109) CELASTRACEAE (Incl. Hippocrataceae)
4626 Maytenus heterophylla (Eck\. & Zeyher) N. Robson 886 Shrub. Widespread. Flowers sweetly, sometimes unpleasantly, scented. Blooms up to four times a season. Heavily browsed. 1646—Ndumu Hill—this form common on hill; leaves grey, black striated bark, main stem clearly formed and tree-like rather than shrub-like. A very variable species.
M. nemorosa (Eckl. & Zeyher) Marais 1431 Shrub. Mdipine. Usutu Flood- plain.
M. senegalensis (Lam.) Exell 825 Shrub. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Browsed. Monkey eat leaves and shoots.
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 37
4628 Putterlickia verrucosa (E. Mey. ex Sond.) Szyszyl. 1415 Shrub. E of Pongola Floodplain.
464 Cassine aethiopica Thunb. 675 Tree. Ndumu Hill, scattered in woodland. Browsed. Fruits eaten by Tongas (umGunguluzampunzi). C. transvaalensis (B. Davy) Codd 799 Tree. Mahemane. Browsed.
4661 Hippocratea africana (Willd.) Loes. var. richardiana (Cambess.) N. Robson 881 Climber. Mahemane. Thicket.
4662 Salacia kraussii (Harv.) Harv. 889 Shrub. Ndumu Hill, woodland. Very com- mon. Browsed. Fruits eaten by animals and man (amaBonsi). Not affected by fire. S. leptoclada Tul. 756 Shrub. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Fruits eaten by Tongas (uHlangahomo). Browsed.
(110) ICACINACEAE
4709 Pyrenacantha kaurabassana Baill. 128 Climber, with large swollen under- ground root. Woodland. Fruits eaten by Tongas (inZema).
(111) SAPINDACEAE 4726 Cardiospermum halicababum L. 402 Climber. Common on floodplains.
4734 Allophylus decipiens (Sond.) Radlk. 1417 Shrub. Riverine Forests. Scented flowers.
4746 Deinbollia oblongifolia (E. Mey.) Radlk. 594 Shrub. Widespread, not com- mon. Browsed.
4769 Haplocoelum gallense (Engl.) Radlk. 735 Tree. Ulukondo, Sand Forest.
4784 Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyher 1435 Tree. Mahemane. Browsed. Fruits eaten by animals and man (umQuokwane).
(115) RHAMNACEAE
4861 Ziziphus mucronata Willd. 383 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Browsed. Bark, leaves and fruits are eaten by many animals. Tongas eat the berries (umPhafa).
4868 Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsl. 416 KLT E of Pongola Floodplain. Monkeys eat the fruits. : B. zeyheri (Sond.) Grubov 388 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Many insects visit flowers, especially bees. Heavily browsed. Fruits eaten by birds, monkeys, antelope and people (umNeyi).
(116) HETEROPYXIDACEAE 1s. 4908a Heteropyxis natalensis Harv. 873 KLT Paphekulu stream. Drainage line in west.
(117) VITACEAE 4917 Rhoicissus digitata (L.f.) Gilg & Brandt 922 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Wood-
land. Browsed. R. tridentata (L.f.) Wild & Drummond 1274 Climber. Mahemane Thicket.
Browsed.
4918 Cissus quadrangularis L. 81 Succulent climber. Ndumu Hill, Mahemane.
Common in thicket. ; ; 2 C. rotundifolia (Forsk.) Vahl 114. Succulent climber. Ndumu Hill. Frequent in
woodland. Browsed by nyala.
38 Journal of South African Botany
4918a Cyphostemma barbosae Wild & Drummond 677 Succulent herb with large swollen root. Mkonjane. Not common. C. cirrhosum (Thunb.) Desc. ex Wild & Drummond subsp. transvaalense (Szy- szyl.) Wild & Drummond 1240 Succulent climber. Mahemane Thicket. C. subciliatum (Bak.) Desc. ex Wild & Drummond 451 Climber. Riverine Forest and Floodplain margins.
(118) TILIACEAE
4953 Corchorus asplenifolius Burch. 1272 Herb. Mahemane Thicket. C. junodii (Schinz) N.E.Br. 894 Herb. Ndumu Hill.
4966 Grewia bicolor Juss. 807 Shrub. Mahemane. Widespread. Browsed. Fruits ‘| eaten by birds and Tongas (uSipane). G. caffra Meisn. 744 Shrub. Widespread. Browsed. Birds, monkeys and | people eat the fruits (iPhata). Angled stems used for making traps (for monkeys | and crocodiles etc.).
G. flava DC. 1066a Shrub. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
G. microthyrsa K. Schum. ex Burret 734 Shrub. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Browsed. Birds, monkeys, Tongas eat fruits (uMunyuane).
G. monticola Sond. 330 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
G. occidentalis L. 274 Shrub. Mahemane near Banzi pan. Browsed.
G. subspathulata N.E. Br. 410 KLT.
G. villosa Willd. 668 Shrub. Mkonjane. Acacia nigrescens Woodland.
4975 Triumfetta pentandra A. Rich. 507 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
(119) MALVACEAE
4983 Abutilon austro-africanum Hochr. 83a Herb. Pongola Floodplain margin. A. engleranum Ulbr. 148 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. A. grandiflorum G. Don 1359 Herb. Floodplains. | A. guineense (Schum.) Bak.f. & Exell 670 Herb. Mkonjane. Acacia nigres- | cens Woodland. Flowers remain open all day. |
4995 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 758 Herb. Usutu Floodplain.
4998 Sida cordifolia L. 745 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Flowers open early morning, close midday. S. dregei Burtt Davy 144 Herb. Pongola Floodplain. Flowers close at midday. | S. rhombifolia L. 399 Shrub. Floodplains.
5007 Pavonia leptocalyx (Sond.) Ulbr. 751 Herb. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. | P. patens (Andr.) Chiov. 751 Herb. Mahemane. Thicket. |
5013 Hibiscus calyphyllus Cay. 1314 Shrub. Floodplain margins. Widespread. Well \ browsed. H. cannabinus L. 472 Herb. Pongola Floodplain. Flowers close midday.
H. dongolensis Del. 539 Shrub. Mkonjane.
H. micranthus L.f. 110 Herb. Pongola Floodplain margins. Flowers open white, turn red later.
H. palmatus Forsk. 354 Herb. Near Banzi pan, in thicket.
H. pusillus Thunb. 1006 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland; fairly widespread. Flowers can be yellow or mauve and usually open after rain or storm; open early morning, close in afternoon.
H. sabiensis Exell 110a Herb. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
H. schinzii Guerke 746 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Observed in and near the main camp.
5018
5019
5020
(120) 5047
5053
5056 5059 5083
5091
(121) Si
(122) 5199
(125) 5271
(126) FLACOURTIACEAE 5284 Oncoba spinosa Forsk.
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 39
Hibiscus surattensis L. 458 Scandent shrub. Usutu Floodplain. Flowers close in afternoon.
H. trionum L. 1462 Herb. Pongola Floodplain margins.
H. vitifolius L. subsp. vulgaris Brenan & Exell 471 Shrub. Pongola Floodplain margins. Flowers close in evening.
Thespesia acutiloba (Bak.f.) Exell & Mendonca 31 Tree. Ndumu Hill; Pon- gola Riverine Forest. Flowers close mid-afternoon. Fruits eaten by birds. Browsed by antelope.
Cienfuegosia hildebrandtii Garcke 1390 Shrub. Mkonjane. Acacia nigrescens Woodland. Heavily browsed.
Gossypium herbaceum L. var. africanum (Watt) Hutch. & Ghose 1488 Scan- dent shrub. Pongola Floodplain margins.
STERCULIACEAE
Melhania didyma Eckl. & Zeyher 1033 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Flo- wers open in afternoon, close at night. Scented.
M. forbesii Planch. ex Mast. 1296 Herb. Common, west of Shokwe. Wood- land.
Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch. var. rotundifolia 830 Tree. Usutu Floodplain. Uncommon. Sweetly scented flowers.
Hermannia micropetala Hary. 498 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Waltheria indica L. 1407 Shrub. Pongola Floodplain margins.
Sterculia rogersii N.E.Br. 23 Tree. Common on Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Fruits resemble a peach, with the velvety pink/grey/green bloom. Seeds eaten by birds and Tongas, but hairs in the pod cause itchy irritation to skin (nKhumphenk- huphe). Transplants easily from truncheons. Browsed.
Cola microcarpa Brenan 867 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
OCHNACEAE Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC. 697. Shrub. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. No leaves
with flowers (scented). Fruits orange rather than red; eaten by monkeys. O. natalitia (Meisn.) Walp. 135b Shrub. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Flowers
appear with leaves, scented. New leaves bright coppery red. Very pretty bright deep-pink galls on this plant are conspicuous. Browsed. O. serrulata (Hochst.) Walp. 14 ICP
CLUSIACEAE (nom. alt. Guttiferae) : Garcinia livingstonei T.And 711 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Fruits appear on old wood, very delicious, eaten by animals and man (umPhimbu). Browsed.
VIOLACEAE Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. var. serratus Engl. 111 gola Floodplain.
Herb. Pon-
1065 Tree. Riverine Forests, occasional on drainage
lines.
40 Journal of South African Botany
5284a Xylotheca kraussiana Hochst. var. kraussiana 422 Shrub. Ndumu Hill. In thickets in woodland. Flowers scented. Petals drop after four days. Fruits split into segments to expose red and black sticky seeds, eaten by birds, Tongas. Browsed.
5304 Scolopia zeyheri (Nees) Szyszyl. 1422 Shrub. Pongola Floodplain margins.
5328 Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Hook.f. 763 Tree. Mahemane. Widespread. Many insects attracted to flowers. Fruits eaten by animals and man. Browsed (umQokolo).
D. longispina (Harv.) Warb. 286 Shrub. Near Shokwe pan, in thicket. Birds, Tongas eat the fruits (umNyazuma).
(128) PASSIFLORACEAE
5370 Adenia hastata (Harv.) Schinz 1156 Climber. Mahemane Thicket. A. senensis (K1.) Engl. 862 Climber. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
(131) CACTACEAE Opuntia ficus-indica L. Mill. 78 TBO Succulent weed. NRC house surrounds
and scattered in the reserve (introduced). O. megacantha NRC house and scattered elsewhere in the reserve, despite attempts to eradicate both species (introduced).
(133) THYMELACACEAE 5435a Lasiosiphon capitatus (L.f.) Burtt Davy 667 Shrub. S boundary in the west, Acacia nigrescens Woodland.
5442 Synaptolepis kirkii Oliv. 109 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Forms occasional thickets. Scented.
(134) LYTHRACEAE
5480 Galpinia transvaalica N.E.Br. 366 Tree. On slopes of Ndumu Hill. Scented flowers attractive to insects. Flowers only last a few days but make the tree conspicuous for that brief time.
(137) COMBRETACEAE
5538 Combretum acutifolium Exell 5362 EJM_ Tree. Ulukondo. Locally common. Sand Forest. C. apiculatum Sond. subsp. apiculatum 786 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. C. collinum Fresen. subsp. suluense (Engl. & Diels) Okafor 1116 Tree. Ulukondo; Ndumu Hill. Sand Forest, woodland. Flowers attract many insects. C. hereoense Schinz 69 Tree. Common in Acacia nigrescens Woodland. Browsed. C. imberbe Wawra 1066 Tree. Scattered in Acacia nigrescens Woodland in west and on margins of Ndumu Hill. C. kraussii Hochst. 1665 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. C. microphyllum Klotzsch. 828 Climber. Floodplains. Browsed. Climber to tops of trees where it flowers and fruits prolifically. C. molle R.Br. ex Don 919 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Browsed. C. zeyheri Sond. 676 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
5539 Pteleopsis myrtifolia (Laws.) Engl. & Diels 789 Tree. Ulukondo. Browsed. Common in Sand Forest.
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 41
5541 Quisqualis parviflora Gerrard ex Harv. 1100 Climber. Ulukondo. Common in Sand Forest.
5544 Terminalia phanerophlebia Engl. & Diels 100 TPD Paphekulu stream. Drainage line in SW corner of reserve. T. sericea Burch. 419 Tree. Common, Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Unpleasantly scented flowers, attracts many insects. Browsed. Very hard, ant-resistant wood; makes excellent fire-wood.
(138) MYRTACEAE
5578 Eugenia mossambicensis Amshoff 803 Shrub. Common on Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Forms thickets. Not affected by fire. Browsed. Flowers scented, attract many insects. Fruits eaten by animals and Tongas (iNontsane).
5583 Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. 2029 CJW_ Tree. Floodplains. Browsed. Monkeys eat flower buds, flowers, fruit. Tongas eat fruits (umDoni-wamanzi).
Psidium guajava L. Tree. Large groves along river banks (introduced).
(140) ONAGRACEAE
5793 Ludwiggia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven subsp. octovalvis 493 Herb. Floodplains. At Banzi pan it grows in the raft of floating vegetation. Flowers open and close in the morning. L.. stolonifera (Guill. & Perr.) Raven 659 Semi-emergent aquatic; Pongola Floodplain. On pans and seasonal pools. Flowers close in early afternoon.
(141) TRAPACEAE
5829 Trapa natans L. var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino 320 Aquatic. Common in Banzi pan. Spiny fruits collected, taken home and dried, then cracked open and eaten by Tongas (iniYva). Food for waterfowl too.
(144) ARALIACEAE 5872 Cussonia arenicola Strey 65 Shrub. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
(145) APIACEAE (nom. alt. Umbelliferae) 5894 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban 459 Herb. Floodplains.
(150) PLUMBAGINACEAE 1 6343 Plumbago zeylanica L. 599 Shrub. Usutu Floodplain. Infrequent. Faintly scented. Flowers close at night, re-open next day.
(151) SAPOTACEAE 6368 Sideroxylon inerme L. 879 Tree. Margins of floodplains; Mahemane; drainage lines. Fruits eaten by birds, monkeys.
6386a Manilkara discolor (Sond.) J. H. Hemsl. 1831 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
Tongas eat fruits (umNweba). : ; Wisieochisia (Bak.) Dubard. 1054 Tree. Ndumu Hill; Mahemane. Common in
thicket. Flowers without leaves, heavy honey scent which attracts many insects. Browsed. Birds, monkeys, Tongas eat fruits (umNqambo).
(152) EBENACEAE ale ‘ 6404 Euclea crispa (Thunb.) Guerke var. crispa 336 Shrub. Ndumu Hill. Commo
shrub in woodland. Monkeys, Tongas eat fruits. aM bi Hiern 844 Tree. Mahemane. Common. Scented flowers.
Browsed. Fruits eaten by birds, monkeys and Tongas (umHlangula).
42
6406
(153) 6440
(154) 6444
6446
(155) 6460
Journal of South African Botany
Euclea natalensis A.DC. 1404 Tree. E of Pongola Floodplain.
E. schimperi (A.DC.) Dandy var. daphnoides (Hiern) de Winter 767 Tree. Mahemane Thicket. Common. Browsed.
E. undulata Thunb. var. myrtina (Burch.) Hiern 1129 Tree. Mahemane. Scented, many insects. Fruits eaten by monkeys.
E. undulata Thunb. var. undulata 766 Tree. Mahemane Thicket. Scented. Monkeys eat fruits.
Diospyros galpinii (Hiern) de Winter 768 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
D. lycioides Desf. subsp. guerkei (Kuntze) de Winter 651 Shrub. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Forms small thickets. Citrus-scented flowers.
D. villosa (L.) de Winter 1186 Climber? Mahemane. Common in thicket.
OLEACEAE
Jasminum breviflorum Harv. ex C.H.Wr. 1025 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Wood- land. Very strong, rather unpleasant scent.
J. fluminense Vell. 1192 Climber. Pongola Floodplain margins. Common. Flowers heavily scented, close at night to open again next day. Browsed.
J. stenolobum Rolfe 124 Scandent shrub. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Scented. Browsed.
J. streptopus E. Mey. var. transvaalensis (S. Moore) Verdoorn 774 Climber. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
SALVADORACEAE
Azima tetracantha Lam. 874 Shrub. Widespread in thicket, common. Browsed.
Salvadora angustifolia Turrill var. australis (Schweick.) Verdoorn 837 Tree. Mahemane Thicket. Foul-smelling flowers.
LOGANIACEAE
Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg 752 Tree. Mahemane Thicket. Browsed.
S. madagascariensis Poir. 713 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Browsed. Forms occasional low thickets. Monkeys eat fruits. Tongas collect fruits, grind up, dry, then add sugar and eat (nKwakwa).
S. spinosa Lam. 793 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Common. Browsed. Scented flowers. Fruits eaten by animals and man (Mahlala). In dry seasons antelope congregate around these trees, scarcely moving, whilst feeding off the fruits.
1122, 792: Ulukondo plants different—warty fruits, large leathery leaves.
1159: Bunguzane plants also look quite different.
S. usambarensis Gilg 1681 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
6469 Nuxia oppositifolia (Hochst.) Benth. 803 KLT Usutu Riverine Forest.
(156) 6484
GENTIANACEAE Enicostemma hyssopifolium (Willd.) Verdoorn 1343 Herb. Usutu Floodplain.
6545 Nymphoides sp. c.f. N. rautenannii N.E.Br. 1578 Aquatic. Mahemane pools.
(157)
Uncommon, found in shallow water of seasonal pools.
APOCYNACEAE
6558 Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) L. E. Codd 1151 Shrub. Mahemane Thicket.
6559
Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan var. acuminata (E. Mey.) Codd 70 Shrub. Mahemane Thicket. Heavily scented flowers. Browsed. Fruits eaten by birds, monkeys and Tongas.
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 43
Carissa tetramera (Sacleux) Stapf 518 Shrub. Mahemane Thicket. Very strongly scented—fills the air on hot humid summer mornings. Browsed. Fruits eaten by birds, monkeys, Tongas (uQondo).
6562 Landolphia kirkii Dyer 797 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Very common in thicket in woodland. Eaten by animals and Tongas (amaBungwa). L. petersiana (Kl.) Dyer 253 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Heavily scented flowers fill the air for the few days of full flowering. Cover entire tree. peters drop after a day. Spectacular sight and scent. Monkeys, Tongas eat the Tuits.
6603 Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf 1193 Tree. Floodplains. Sweetly scented flowers. Browsed. Monkeys eat leaves, flower buds, flowers, fruit. Tongas eat fruit (umKashlu). White sap used as a bird lime by young boys when trapping birds.
6619 Rauvolfia caffra Sond. 876 Tree. Riverine Forests. Scented flowers. Browsed. Monkeys eat leaves, flower buds, flowers, fruit. Tongas grind up bark and leaves, soak, then drink liquid to alleviate ‘fever’ (umKhahluvungu).
6680 Adenium obesum (Forsk.) Roem. & Schult. var. multiflorum (Klotzsch) Codd
637 Succulent. Widespread. Large specimens confined to thicket now, due to pressure of browsing animals.
6681 Pachypodium saundersii N.E.Br. * Succulent. Abercorn drift road, in foothills of Lebombo west of reserve. Planted in gardens.
6688 Strophanthus gerrardii Stapf 64 Climber. Ulukondo; between Inyamiti and Banzi pans. Sand Forest and thicket. Stem thickens to produce corky-woody
triangular shaped bark. e) S. luteolus L. E. Codd 27 Climber. Ulukondo; S$ bank Inyamiti. Sand Forest, thicket. Flowers open for days before dropping, scented.
6689 Wrightia natalensis Stapf 71 Tree. Ulukondo; Mahemane Thicket. Sand Forest. Scented flowers. Browsed. Used for spear shafts.
(158) PERIPLOCACEAE 6730 Tacazzea apiculata Oliv. 547 KLT Pongola Riverine Forest.
6740 Cryptolepis obtusa N.E.Br. 489 Climber. Usutu Riverine Forest.
6741 Stomatostemma monteiroae (Oliv.) N.E.Br. 614 Climber. Mahemane. Very common in thicket.
6747 Raphionacme flanaganii Schltr. 885 Climber. Mahemane Thicket.
(159) ASCLEPIADACEAE hae 6778 Schizoglossum garcianum Schltr. ex descr. 122 Herb. Ndumu Hill, woodland.
6791 Asclepias fruticosa L. 1275 Herb. Mahemane Thicket. A. stash (E. Mey.) Schltr. 1814 Herb. Pongola Floodplain. Has prolifer- ated in recent years to become very common, forming fields.
6810 Pentarrhinum insipidum E. Mey. 461 Climber. Uncommon on Ndumu Hill.
6834 Cynanchum mossambicense K. Schum. 533 Climber. Uncommon on Ndumu
Hill. Woodland.
44 Journal of South African Botany
6849 Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. 55 Succulent climber. Common and wide- spread. Flowers have attractive scent. Browsed by animals. Tongas eat green fruits and new shoots (umPelepele).
6860 Secamone delagoensis Schltr. 791 Climber. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Flowers
heavily scented. S. parvifolia (Oliv.) Bullock 317 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Very strong honey-like scent. Browsed.
6874 Ceropegia monteiroae Hook. 510 Succulent climber. Ulukondo. Sand Forest (1st record for Natal). C. plicata E. A. Bruce 460 Succulent climber. Ndumu Hill, widespread but not common. Flowers drop after a couple of days. ‘ C. rendallii N.E.Br. 422 Succulent climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. C. sandersonii Hook.f. 510 Succulent climber. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Flo- wers are scented, droop after a couple of days. Stingless bees feed off flowers. C. stapeliiformis Haw. var. serpentina (Bruce) H. Huber 423 Succulent climb- er. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. C. stapeliiformis Haw. var.? 424 Succulent climber. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
6875 Riocreuxia torulosa (E. Mey.) Decne. 456 Climber. Usutu Floodplain. Pro- fusion of this plant in reedbeds on edge of forest. Heavy wild-honey scent. |
6885 Stapelia gigantea N.E.Br. 8 JVH Succulent. Mahemane. Widespread. Browsed by antelope. S. longidens N.E.Br. 505 Succulent. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. |
6887 Huernia hystrix N.E.Br. 101 Succulent. Mahemane Thicket. H. zebrina N.E.Br. 283 Succulent. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
6891 Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schultes 457 Climber. Usutu Floodplain. Flowers | scented, attract many butterflies. j
6899 Tylophora lycioides Decne. 1209 Climber. Usutu Floodplain. : 6911 Marsdenia floribunda (E. Mey.) N.E.Br. 77 Climber. Mahemane Thicket.
6917 Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov. 496 Climber. Common on Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Flowers open in late afternoon.
(160) CONVOLVULACEAE
6973 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. var. linifolius (L.) Bak. 1308 Herb. Mahemane Thicket. E. nummularis L. 761 Herb. Banzi pan shoreline. Small prostrate plant that creates a carpet of green over the dry black clay.
6978 Seddera capensis (E. Mey. ex Choisy) Hall. 678 Herb. S boundary in west. S. suffruticosa (Schinz) Hall.f. 430 Herb. Mahemane Thicket.
6991 Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. 517 Climber. Pongola Floodplain mar- gins. Flowers close mid-morning.
6993 Convolvulus farinosus L. 640 Climber. Floodplains. 6995 Hewittea sublobata (L.f.) Kuntze 1282 Climber. River-banks.
6997 Merremia palmata Hall.f. 88 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. M. tridentata (L.) Hall.f. subsp. angustifolia (Jacq.) Ooststr. 1560 Climber. Mahemane Thicket.
7003
(161) 7038
7043
7052
7056
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 45
Ipomoea albivenia (Lindl.) Sweet 40 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Flowers open at night, close at midday—scented. Flowers and leaves attacked by caterpillars. Large underground rootstock. Seeds wrapped in ‘cotton wool’; when pods open to reveal them, creeper appears to be in flower again. Blooms prolifically for 3 to 4 weeks. Leafless in winter.
I. bolusiana Schinz 1666 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
I. cairica (L.) Sweet 770 Climber. Ulukondo; Pongola river banks; Usutu Riverine Forest. Very common. Flowers close mid-afternoon. Monkeys eat shoots, flower buds, flowers, fruits. Hippo observed eating bunches of the creeper. I. coptica (L.) Roth ex Roem. & Schult. 1562 Climber. Seepage lines on Ndumu Hill.
I. digitata L. var. digitata 324 Climber. Pongola Riverine Forest. Flowers up to height of 20 m, rooted in deep shade, large rootstock.
I. digitata L. var. eriosperma (P. Beauv.) Rendle 323 Climber. Pongola Riverine Forest. Flowers up to height of 20 m. Woody main stem. Large rootstock. Flowers open early morning, close early afternoon.
I. lapathifolia Hall.f. 1567 Climber. Balemhlanga. Drainage line in west (1st record for Natal).
I. magnusiana Schinz 776 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Flowers close at midday.
I. obscura (L.) Ker-Gawl. var. fragilis (Choisy) A. Meeuse 1233 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
I. pellita Hall.f. 143 Climber. E slope Ndumu Hill.
I. sinensis (Desr.) Choisy subsp. blepharosepala (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Verdc. 1617 Climber. S boundary in west.
I. wightii (Wall.) Choisy 490 Climber. Usutu Floodplain. Flowers open early, close midday.
BORAGINACEAE Cordia caffra Sond. 1246 Tree. Usutu Floodplain. Fruits eaten by Tongas
(iLovu amakhulu). : ; C. ovalis R.Br. 814 Shrub. Mahemane, common and widespread. Fruits eaten
by Tongas (iLovu mcani).
Ehretia amoena Klotzsch 301 Tree. Pongola Floodplain margins. Flowers sweetly scented, attracting many insects. Browsed. Birds, monkeys, Tongas eat
fruits (umHlele amakhulu). ; E. rigida (Thunb.) Druce 369 Shrub. Ndumu Hill; Mahemane. Widespread.
Flowers sometimes scented. Leaves very variable in size and shape. Much browsed. Fruits eaten by birds, monkeys, Tongas (umHlele). Used for making Fonya (thrust) fishing baskets.
Heliotropium ciliatum Kaplan 138b Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
H. curassavicum L. 822 Herb. Inyamiti pan. =! sae
H. indicum L. 829 Herb. Floodplains. Eaten as ‘spinach (imifino ubhoyo) by Tongas.
H. ovalifolium Forsk. 581 Herb. Usutu Floodplain.
H. steudneri Vatke 665 Herb. Mahemane Thicket.
Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm.f.) R.Br. 524 Herb. Usutu Floodplain. S
boundary fence near Agate hill.
(162) VERBENACEAE
7138
Verbena bonariensis L. 403 Shrub. Floodplains (introduced).
46 Journal of South African Botany
7144 Lantana camara L. 227 Scandent shrub. W of Shokwe (introduced). L. rugosa Thunb. 1491 Shrub. Ndumu Hill. Fruits eaten by birds, monkeys and Tongas (umKukutwane). Aromatic leaves and stems.
7145a Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene 425 Herb. Inyamiti causeway at Pongola channel. Floodplains.
7148 Chascanum hederaceum (Sond.) Moldenke var. natalense (H. H. W. Pearson) Moldenke 1807 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. C. schlechteri (Guerke) Moldenke 205 Herb. Ndumu Hill; Agate hill, south boundary. Flowers close at night to open again next day.
7153 Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce var. abyssinica (Jaub. & Spach) Moldenke 759 Herb. Widespread and common. Leaves cling together. Sticky clinging fruits.
7185 Premna mooiensis (H. H. W. Pearson) Pieper 1303 Tree. Mahemane; Acacia tortilis Woodland. Aromatic leaves.
7186 Vitex patula E. A. Bruce 780 Shrub. Common in Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
Browsed. Tongas eat fruits (imBendula). V. harveyana H. H. W. Pearson 118 Shrub. Paphekulu. Drainage line in west. Scented. Fruits eaten by birds, monkeys, Tongas (imBendula).
7191 Clerodendron glabrum E. Mey. 1336 Shrub. Floodplains. Very variable leaves. Browsed. Scented. Flowers attractive to butterflies.
7192 Holmskioldia tettensis (Klotzsch) Vatke 729 Shrub. Lebombo foothills— planted in gardens.
(163) LAMIACEAE (nom. alt. Labiateae) 7236 Acrotome hispida Benth. 848 Herb. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
7264 Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) Ait.f. 597 Herb. Usutu Floodplain.
7268 Leucas glabrata (Vahl) R.Br. ex Benth. 50 Herb. Common, widespread, browsed.
7281 Stachys spathulata Burch. ex Benth. 522 Herb. Usutu Floodplain.
7342 Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. 601 Herb. Usutu Floodplain. Common. Also com- mon in disturbed areas E of Pongola Floodplain.
7350 Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. 107 Herb. Mahemane. Leaves aro- matic. P. cylindraceus Hochst. ex Benth. 521 Succulent herb. S bank Inyamiti pan. Thicket. P. neochilus Schltr. 45 Slightly succulent herb. Mahemane. Very common. Aromatic, sticky to touch. P. spicatus E. Mey. ex Benth. 626 Slightly succulent herb. Mahemane Thicket. P. vagatus (E. A. Bruce) L. E. Codd 483 Mahemane Thicket. P. verticillatus (L.f.) Druce 519 Succulent herb. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
7357 Hoslundia opposita Vahl var. decumbens (Benth.) Bak. 154 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Browsed. Fruits eaten by animals and Tongas, delicious (uYaweyawe).
7357a Iboza riparia (Hochst.) N.E.Br. * Succulent shrub. Lebombo foothills, planted in gardens.
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 47
7364 Basilicum polystachyon (L.) Moench 484 Herb. Floodplains.
7366 Ocimum canum Sims 343 Herb. Mahemane Thicket. O. urticifolium Roth 1298 Herb. Near Shokwe pan.
7366a Becium obovatum (E. Mey. ex Benth.) N.E.Br. 116 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
7367 Orthosiphon suffrutescens (Thonning) J. K. Morton 123 Herb. Ndumu Hill, woodland.
(164) SOLANACEAE 7377 Nicandra physaloides Gaertn. 592 Herb. Ndumu Hill, Usutu Floodplain.
7379 Lycium acutifolium E. Mey. 1140 Shrub. Mahemane Thicket. Browsed. L. oxycladum Miers. 3149 CJW_ Shrub. NW margin of Inyamiti.
7400 Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal 1187 Shrub. Usutu Floodplain. On disturbed ground. ;
7407 Solanum capense L. 142 Climber. Frequent and widespread. S. coccineum Jacq. 1387 Shrub. Mahemane Thicket. S. incanum L. 816 Shrub. Inyamiti pan margins. S. nigrum L. sens. lat. 309 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. S. panduraeforme E. Mey. 1334 Shrub. Very common, floodplains, Ndumu Hill. Leaves, fruits browsed.
(165) SCROPHULARIACEAE 7517 Manulea parviflora Benth. 596 Herb. Usutu Floodplain. Uncommon.
7519 Sutera brunnea Hiern var. macrophylla Hiern 227a Herb. F slope Ndumu Hill, Acacia nigrescens Thicket.
7564 Ilysanthes dubia (L.) Bernh. 1557 Herb. Mahemane pools, in shallow water.
7597a Alectra kirkii Hemsl. 525 Herb. Usutu Floodplain. Flowers close at night, re-open in morning.
7611 Buttonia superba Oberm. 1357 Climber. Mahemane Thicket. Flowers open deep pink, fade to white over the days. Colour very variable.
7614 Graderia scabra Benth. Herb. Agate hill, SW boundary fence. 7625 Striga forbesii Benth. 47 Herb. Common on Pongola Floodplain.
S. gesneroides (Willd.) Vatke ex Engl. 627. Herb. Mahemane Thicket margins of floodplains.
(167) BIGNONIACEAE ,
7713 Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach 645 Shrub. Margins of Pongola Flood- plain. Infrequent.
7722 Rhigozum zambesiacum Bak. 120 Shrub. Widespread in thicket, but not com-
mon. Forms thickets occasionally. Spectacular sight after first rains—profuse blooming of yellow flowers. Lovely scent. Flowers eaten by beetles. Browsed by
antelope. iochi 7 in. Flowers eaten 7161 Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. 1480 Tree. Usutu Floodplain off Bae by antelope. Flowers appear with new leaves. Monkeys eat flower buds and flowers. Browsed.
48
(168) VT
7778
7780
(170) 7901
(171) 7914
7939 7965 7972
7973
7978
7980
7985
8007 8031
8048
8094
Journal of South African Botany
PEDALIACEAE
Sesamum alatum Thonn. 445 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Common on disturbed ground.
Ceratotheca triloba (Bernh.) Hook.f. 584 Herb. Usutu Floodplain. Found on roadsides. On S boundary in west, flowers very much smaller and deeper pink—ESP 1612.
Dicerocaryum zanguebarium (Lour.) Merrill 1333 Climber. Usutu Flood- plain. Long, prostrate stems. Nyala eat leaves and fruits.
LENTIBULARIACEAE
Utricularia inflexa Forsk. var. inflexa 590 Aquatic. Banzi pan.
U. inflexa Forsk. var. stellaris (L.) P. Tayl. 1576 Aquatic. Seasonal pools. U. reflexa Oliver 1686 Aquatic. Channel across road to the bifurcation of the Pongola river.
ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia dregeana Nees 1810 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Common in wood- land.
Dyschoriste depressa Nees 226 Herb. Pongola Floodplain. Ruellia patula Jacq. 208(Blue) 63(White) Herb. Common and widespread.
Crabbea nana Nees 1386 Herb. Ndumu Hill; Acacia nigrescens Woodland in west.
Barleria crossandriformis C.B.Cl. 482 Scandent shrub. Mahemane Thicket. B. delagoensis Oberm. 769 Shrub. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
B. elegans S. Moore 470 Shrub. Widespread and common especially on floodplain margins. Seed pods burst open in the heat of the day, propelling the seeds some distance from the plant.
B. gueinzii Sond. 631 Shrub. Mkonjane, in thicket on rhyolite outcrops.
Schlerochiton caeruleus (Lindau) S. Moore 346 Scandent shrub. Ulukondo. Common in Sand Forest. Scented flowers. Browsed.
Blepharis integrifolia (L.f.) E. Mey. ex Schinz 1176 Herb. Mahemane Thicket. B.sp. 1299
Crossandra fruticulosa Lindau 43 Herb. Mahemane. Common in thicket. Flowers over a long period. Browsed.
C. greenstockii S. Moore 547 Herb. Agate hill, on S boundary fenceline in west.
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders. 381 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
Dicliptera clinopodia Nees 503 Shrub. SW area of reserve. Faintly scented. Browsed. D. heterostegia Presl ex Nees 492 Shrub. Usutu Riverine Forest.
Ecbolium amplexicaule S. Moore 49 Herb. Mahemane. Common on disturbed ground.
Justicia sp. aff. J. anagalloides TY. Anders. 1588 Herb. Mkonjane. Acacia nigrescens Woodland.
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 49
Justicia capensis Thunb. 583 Shrub. Between Banzi and Inyamiti pans. Ton- gas use crushed leaves and stems to obscure human smell after setting snares (iKokela).
J. flava (Vahl) Vahl 11 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Common and fairly widespread. J. glabra Roxb. 454 Shrub. Usutu Forest. Common, locally.
df erate (Nees) T. Anders. 1250 Herb. Mahemane Thicket. Browsed by nyala.
J. sp. 194 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Common. 8094a Monechma debile (Forsk.) Nees 1341 Herb. Usutu Floodplain.
(173) RUBIACEAE 8136/6 Ke ‘autia lasiocarpa Klotzsch var. lasiocarpa 536 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Flowers open in evening, closing next morning, scented. K. virgata (Willd.) Bremek. var. virgata 899 Herb. Usutu Floodplain.
8136/14 Agathisanthemum bojeri Klotzsch subsp. australe Brem. var. australe 1237 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. A. chlorophyllum (Hochst.) Brem. 4314 EJM Herb. Mahemane Thicket.
8136/18 Pentodon pentander (Schum.) Vatke 956 KLT Herb. East of Banzi pan.
8226 Adina microcephala (Del.) Hiern var. galpinii (Oliv.) Hiern 1683 Tree. Flood- plains; Riverine Forest. Strong, unpleasant scent to flowers. Bark flakes off in long strips.
8278 Tarenna barbertonensis (Brem.) Brem. 699 Small tree. Usutu Riverine Forest. 8279 Enterospermum littorale Hiern 878 KLT Shrub. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
8283 Xeromphis obovata (Hochst.) Keay 191 Shrub. Ndumu Hill. Common in woodland. Sweetly scented flowers. Browsed. Fruits eaten by Tongas (um- Khwakhwane). X: rudis (E. Mey. ex Harv.) L. E. Codd 130 Shrub. Bunguzane. Fairly widespread, in thicket. Fruits eaten by Tongas. Heavily browsed.
8285 Gardenia amoena Sims 347 Shrub. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Sweet scent quite different from the other Gardenia species. Fruits eaten by Tongas (iStempe- swane). Browsed.
G. cornuta Hemsl. 1183 Tree. Mahemane Thicket. Very common. Scent fills the air in mornings after rain. Monkeys eat buds and fruits. Bushpigs eat fruits. Antelope browse and eat fruits. ;
G. spatulifolia Stapf & Hutch. 172 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Scented. Usually bloom after rain. Small groups of trees, widely scattered; fruits eaten by monkeys and antelope. Browsed.
8293 Oxyanthus latifolius Sond. 1411 Tree. E of Pongola Floodplain.
8308 Tricalysia allenii (Stapf) Brenan var. kirkii (Hook.f.) Brenan 140 Shrub.
Ndumu Hill. Heavy sweet scent. T. junodii (Schinz) Brenan 784 Shrub. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
8308a Kraussia floribunda Harv. 163 Tree. Pongola Riverine Forest. Slightly scented flowers, attract many insects mostly flies. Coppice leaves very large and woe mature leaves. Browsed. Fruits eaten by birds, monkeys, Tongas (amehlenkosa-
sane). 8351 Vangueria cyanescens Robyns 916 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Flowers
i i . Fruits eaten by scented, attract many insects particularly bees and wasps antelope, monkeys, Tongas—tefreshing on a hot day. Browsed (umViyo).
50
8352
8352a 8352b
Journal of South African Botany
Vangueria chartacea Robyns 1266 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Browsed. Fruits eaten by Tongas (umViyotshane).
Canthium locuples (K. Schum.) Codd 968 KLT Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
C. obovatum Klotzsch 1110 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
C. setiflorum Hiern 754 Shrub. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Scented. Used for making Fonya (thrust) fishing baskets. Fruits eaten by Tongas—like raisins (umBhangwe).
C. spinosum (Klotzsch) Kuntze 1153 Shrub. Mahemane Thicket. Fruits eaten by Tongas (umVuthwamini). Used for making Fonya baskets.
Plectroniella armata (K. Schum.) Robyns 1678 Shrub. S bank Inyamiti pan.
Dinocanthium hystrix Bremek. 1143 Shrub. Mahemane Thicket. Browsed. Tongas do not use as firewood because it is used as a fence around graves.
8360 Anycylanthus monteiroi Oliv. 158 Shrub. Ndumu Hill. Fruits eaten by tor-
8383
8464
8473
(176) 8562
8564
8568
8569 8590
8591
toises, antelope, monkeys, Tongas (iStlilotshane).
Pavetta catophylla K. Schum. 198 Shrub. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Browsed. Fruits eaten by Tongas.
P. edentula Sond. 1033 KLT Tree. Rhyolite outcrops, Mkonjane. Scented flowers.
P. graciliflora Bremek. 314 Shrub. Banzi pan margins, in thicket.
P. inandensis Bremek. 350 Shrub. Ulukondo. Sand Forest.
P. lanceolata Eckl. 1102 Tree. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. Browsed.
P. schumanniana F. Hoffm. ex K. Schum. 787 Shrub. Ndumu Hill. Forming thickets in woodland. Heavy but unpleasant scent. Browsed. Fruits eaten by Tongas.
P. tristis Bremek. 408 Tree. Usutu Riverine Forest.
Richardia brasiliensis Gomez 1691 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland, on dis- turbed ground.
Borreria scabra (Schumach & Thonn.) K. Schum. 417 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Common on disturbed ground.
CUCURBITACEAE Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. J. Roem. 1345 - Climber. Floodplains.
Zehneria parvifolia (Cogn.) J. H. Ross ined. 605 Climber. Usutu Floodplain. Z. scabra (L.f.) Sond. 806 Climber. Mahemane Thicket.
Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacqg.) Cogn. subsp. obtusiloba (E. Mey. ex Sond.) Meeuse 504 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
K. hirtella (Naud.) Cogn. 671 Climber. Mkonjane. Acacia nigrescens Wood- land in west.
Corallocarpus bainesii (Hook.f.) A. Meeuse 342 Climber. Widespread.
Acanthosicyos naudinianus (Sond.) Jeffrey 795 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Wood- land.
Momordica clematidea Sond. 414 Climber. Usutu Floodplain. Unpleasant scent.
M. foetida Schum. & Thonn. 406 Climber. Usutu Forest. Unpleasant scent. M. involucrata E. Mey. 10 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Flowers have unpleasant scent, close at night, then drop. Birds, Tongas eat the fruits (uHaelane), which split open when touched at the pointed base.
8599 8608
8610
8628
(177) 8668
8690
8694
(179) 8734
8751
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 51
Cucumis myriocarpus Naud. 97b Climber. Pongola Floodplain edge.
Trochomeria hookeri Harv. 948 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. T. macrocarpa (Sond.) Hook.f. 1001 Climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
Lagenaria mascarena Naud. ex descr. 509 Climber. Usutu Riverine Forest. Pleasant scent. Climbs to a great height in forest. Large, heavy fruits hang from old woody stems.
Coccinia rehmannii Cogn. var. littoralis A. Meeuse 344 Climber. Widespread. Flowers close at midday.
CAMPANULACEAE
Wahlenbergia undulata DC. sens. lat. 25 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Flowers close at night, re-open next day.
Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. 1609 Herb. Seasonal pools. Stem becomes enlarged and spongy below water level.
Lobelia filiformis Lam. var. natalensis (A.DC.) Wimm. 1656 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Seepage on main road near main gate.
COMPOSITAE Ethulia conyzoides L. 764 Herb. Pongola Floodplain.
Vernonia centaurioides Klatt 477 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
V. cinerea (L.) Less. 658 Herb. Floodplains.
V. colorata (Willd.) Drake 551 Shrub. Floodplains. Strongly scented. Many butterflies and insects attracted to flowers. Charaxes butterflies attracted to the oozing sap in great numbers. Browsed.
V. fastigiata Oliv. & Hiern 1598 Herb. Mkonjane. Acacia nigrescens Wood- land.
V. glabra (Steetz) Vatke 5 Herb. Pongola Floodplain. Flowers open deep blue/purple—faded to paler colours by next day.
V. oligocephala (DC.) Sch. Bip. ex Walp. but approaching V. natalensis Sch. Bip. 718 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
8795 Ageratum conyzoides L. 1424 Herb. Floodplains (introduced). 8818 Mikania cordata (Burm.f.) B. L. Robinson 635 Climber. Usutu Riverine
8865
Forest. Heavily scented flowers, not pleasantly. Many insects attracted to flowers.
Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. 831 Herb. Floodplains.
8900 Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Hieron 1689 Herb. Ndumu Hill, Pongola Flood-
plain (introduced weed).
8925 Nidorella resedifolia DC. 151 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
8926
8936
8939 894]
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist 1034 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland (intro- duced weed). Brachylaena huillensis O. Hoffm. 883 Tree. Ndumu Hill. Used for spear
shafts. ae ; B. ilicifolia (Lam.) Phillips & Schweickerdt 1421 Tree. Mavilo ‘island’ on
Pongola Floodplain.
Blumea mollis (D. Don) Merrill 119 Herb. Pongola Floodplain.
Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC. 612 Shrub. Usutu Floodplain. Aromatic scent to leaves and stems. Browsed.
52
Journal of South African Botany
8953 Epaltes gariepina (DC.) Steetz 74 Herb. Usutu Floodplain. 8955 Sphaeranthus peduncularis DC. 1307 Herb. Mahemane pools.
8992 Gnaphalium calviceps Fernald 6865 H&B Herb. Usutu Floodplain (introduced weed). G. luteo-album L. 310 Herb. Pongola Floodplain (introduced weed). G. pensylvanicum Willd. 656 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Common on roadsides (in- troduced weed). G. polycaulon Pers. 132 HF Herb. Pongola Floodplain (introduced weed).
9006 Helichrysum argyrosphaerum DC. 655 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. athrixiifolium O. Hoffm. 823 KLT
candolleanum Buek 608 Herb. Usutu Floodplain.
kraussti Sch. Bip. 607 Shrub. Usutu Floodplain. Common on white sands. oxyphyllum DC. 215 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
pilosellum (L.f.) Less. 215a Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
rugulosum Less. 214 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Woodland.
sp. c.f. H. setosum Harv. 606 Herb. Usutu Floodplain.
po Sy By Be SB
9090 Geigeria burkei Harv. subsp. valida Merxm 373 Herb. Mkonjane. Acacia nigrescens Woodland in west.
9130 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. 610 Herb. Usutu Floodplain (introduced weed).
9146 Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. 544 KLT Herb. Pongola Floodplain (introduced weed).
9166 Eclipta prostrata (L.)L. 410 Herb. Usutu Floodplain. Young plants’ leaves are very large, stems have no air bladders. Older plants have large leaves at base, smaller and narrower above, with air bladders in stems (weed).
9204 Melanthera scandens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty subsp. dregei (DC.) Wild 164 Herb. Pongola Riverine Forest.
9207 Spilanthes mauritiana (Persoon) DC. 575 Herb. Floodplains.
9237 Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merrill & Scherff 1621 Herb. Ndumu Hill (intro- duced weed).
9282 Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze 306 Herb. Ndumu Hill (introduced weed).
9351 Cotula anthemoides L. 1463 Herb. Pongola Floodplain. Uncommon. C. australis (Spreng.) Hook.f. 1631 Herb. Ndumu Hill (annual weed).
9411 Senecio barbertonicus Klatt 61 Succulent shrub. Common and widespread. Sweetly scented flowers. Browsed. S. deltoideus Less. 593 Succulent climber. Usutu Floodplain. Wild-honey-like scent. S. fulgens (Hook.f.) Nichols 15 Succulent. Mahemane Thicket. Browsed. Swollen rhizome eaten by bushpig. S. macroglossus DC. 1 Succulent climber. Ulukondo. Sand Forest. S. madagascariensis Poir. 652 Herb. Ndumu Hill. Petals (rays) fold in at night, open again next day. S. pleistocephalus S. Moore 843 Succulent climber. Ndumu Hill. Widespread. Heavy honey-scented flowers. Corky bark on old stems. Dies back after flower- ing, re-shoots. Browsed. S. polyanthemoides Sch. Bip. 760 Herb. Shokwe pan margins.
Checklist of Plants in Ndumu Game Reserve 53
Senecio quinquelobus DC. 531 Succulent climber. Mahemane Thicket. Sweetly scented. Dies back in early summer, re-shoots.
S. transvaalensis Bolus 500 Herb. Mkonjane. Acacia nigrescens Woodland in west.
S. viminalis Bremek. 325 Succulent climber. Ndumu Hill. Woodland. Browsed. Blooms more than once in a good season.
9438 Berkheya zeyheri (Sond. & Harv.) Oliv. & Hiern subsp. rehmannii (Thell.) Roessler 206 Herb. Agate hill. Acacia nigrescens Woodland in west.
9528 Gerbera ambigua (Cass.) Sch. Bip. Herb. Drainage lines on Ndumu Hill; see ESP no. 440 from Otobotini.
9595 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill 1504 Herb. Pongola Floodplain (introduced weed). Tongas use with and as pumpkin shoots, ‘imifino’—chopped up, boiled with curry and peanuts.
S. oleraceus L. 802 Herb. Pongola Floodplain (introduced weed).
9596 Lactuca indica L. 818 Herb. Pongola Floodplain.
REFERENCES
ANDERSON, J. L. and Pootey, E. S., 1977. Some plants identified in the rumina of Nyala antelope Tragelaphus angazi in Ndumu Game Reserve. Lammergeyer 23: 40-45.
Compton, R. H., 1966. An annotated check list of the Flora of Swaziland. JI S. Afr. Bot. Suppl. vol. 6.
De Moor, P. P., Poorey, E. S., NeviLLE, G. and BaricutEvy, J., in press. The vegetation of Ndumu Game Reserve, Natal. A quantitative physiognomic survey. Ann. Natal Mus.
Dixon, J. E. W., 1966. Notes on the mammals of Ndumu Game Reserve. Lammergeyer 6: 24-40.
Dutton, T. P., 1972. Some factors affecting the fluctuating waterfowl popula- tions on Lake Nyamiti. Unpublished Research project, Field Ecology Course, University of Rhodesia. pp. 1-97.
Dyer, R. A., 1976. Genera of Southern African Flowering plants. 2 vols: Department of Agricultural Technical Services.
FosBerG, F. R., 1967. A classification of vegetation for general purposes. In: G. F. Peterken (ed.), Guide to the check sheet for IBP areas. pp. 73-116. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific publications.
OaTLEy, T. B., 1964. The probing of Aloe flowers by birds. Lammergeyer 8} (Gp 2-8.
Pootey, A. C., 1968. A short note on the diet of the Vervet monkey Cercopith- ecus aethiops in Zululand. Lammergeyer 9: 29-31.
Ross, J. H., 1972. Flora of Natal. Mem. bot. Surv. S. Afr. 39.
ScHELPE, E. A. C. L. E., 1970. Pteridophyta. Flora Zambesiaca. London: Crown Agents for Overseas Governments.
ScoTcHER, J. S. B., 1974. A quantitative assessment of the food Risener oi Hippopotamus amphibius L. in the Ndumu Game Reserve, Tongaland. ; nee : lished M.Sc. thesis. Pietermaritzburg: Department of Botany, University of Natal. pp. 1-190.
TinLEY, K. L., 1964a. Fishing methods of the Thonga tribe in North-eastern Zululand and Southern Mozambique. Lammergeyer 3 (1): 9-39.
, 1964b. Summary of an ecological survey of Ndumu Game Reserve. Unpublished roneoed report. Natal Parks Board. pp. 1-42.
54 Journal of South African Botany
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am indebted to Dr O. M. Hilliard for her enthusiastic encouragement over the years, for assistance and guidance in the task of collecting plants, and for her comments on this manuscript. I am very grateful to Dr K. D. Gordon-Gray for the time she has given to the naming of grasses and sedges, for taking great interest in my work at all times and for checking this manuscript. I wish to thank Miss L. Smook, Mrs J. Stewart, Mrs D. Fenn and Mr S. Mthalane, also of the Botany Department of the University of Natal, for their help. Mr B. L. Burtt, Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, provided inspiration in the field and from abroad— and assisted greatly in putting names to some difficult specimens. Dr E. J. Moll, Dept. of Botany, University of Cape Town, kindly commented on parts of the manuscript and, with Mrs A. A. Mauve and Dr I. Verdoorn of B.R.I. Pretoria; Dr J. H. Ross of Melbourne, Australia; Mr C. J. Ward of University of Durban- Westville; have all been most helpful over the years. Mr C. F. Musil of Natal Herbarium is thanked for his assistance with queries regarding Lemnaceae. I am grateful to Dr P. P. De Moor, Res. Inst. for Diseases in a Tropical Environment, for the opportunity of participating in the vegetation survey.
I wish to thank the Natal Parks Board and the following staff for assistance and facilities provided: Mr. J. L. Anderson, Mr R. S. Crass, Mr R. Porter, Miss L. Roy, Dr D. R. M. Stewart, Mr J. Vincent. The Research Section of the Natal Parks Board very kindly made funds available for the publication of the maps. I am grateful to many of the past Ndumu staff for drawing attention to plants of interest, particuiarly to Mr and Mrs T. P. Dutton, Mr and Mrs G. O. Jackson, Mr and Mrs R. Physick, Mr and Mrs G. W. Schutte and to Mr and Mrs A. J. Tomkinson. Ex-game-guard Sigia Gumede gave valuable assistance in listing the edible plants.
Greatest thanks go to my husband Tony, whose interest and assistance, at all times, encouraged me to bring this work to completion. I am also indebted to my mother, Mrs E. K. Bond, who looked after our two sons whilst the herbarium work was carried out.
JIS. Afr. Bot. 44 (1): 55-65 (1978)
HABITAT OF THREATENED PROTEACEAE ENDEMIC TO WESTERN CAPE COASTAL FLATS
A. V. MILEWSKI
(Rare and Endangered Plant Species Research Group, Bolus Herbarium, Univer- sity of Cape Town)*
ABSTRACT
Serruria ciliata, Diastella buekii and four species of Leucadendron are among members of the family Proteaceae endemic to the western coastal flats of the south-western Cape. These six species are associated with types of Coastal Fynbos or Coastal Rhenosterbosveld. Their habitats are compared using associated plants (Proteaceae and Restionaceae) as an expression of environmental conditions.
UITTREKSEL HABITAT VAN BEDREIGDE PROTEACEAE ENDEMIES AAN DIE WESTELIKE KAAPSE KUSVLAKTES
Serruria ciliata, Diastella buekii en vier Leucadendron spesies is voorbeelde van lede van die familie Proteaceae wat beperkte verspreidings op die westelike kusvlakte van suidwes-Kaapland het. Hierdie ses spesies kom op verskillende tipes kusfynbos of kusrenosterbosveld voor. Hul habitatte word met mekaar vergelyk op grond van geasso- sieerde plantsoorte (Proteaceae en Restionaceae) as weerspiecling van omgewingstoe- stande.
INTRODUCTION
The area occupied by natural vegetation on the western coastal flats of the south-western Cape (a land-unit, defined by Milewski & Esterhuysen, 1977), corresponding roughly to the western blocks of Acocks’ [1975] Coastal Rhenoster- bosveld and Coastal Macchia and the Breérivier valley east to Worcester) has been severely fragmented by man-made environmental changes. Several naturally tare plant species restricted to this area survive today only as relict populations and are threatened with extinction (Rare and Endangered Species Research Group, unpublished; Milewski & Esterhuysen, 1977). Knowledge of the phytogeographi- cal relationships and habitats (sensu Whittaker et al., 1973) of these localized habitat-specific endemics is an urgent prerequisite for their conservation.
This paper attempts a comparison of the habitats of several threatened endemic species in the family Proteaceae by a qualitative floristic method, using a sample of the plant taxa associated with each in its natural environment. Assumptions
*Present address: School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University,
Murdoch, Western Australia.
Accepted for publication 3rd May, 1977. 55
56 Journal of South African Botany
basic to this exploratory approach, which was similar to that of Milewski and Esterhuysen (1977) and Milewski (1977) were:
(i) that the set of plant species growing at a site is an adequate and easily documented reflection of local environment in fynbos; the number of species in a given stand of this vegetation is relatively large (Taylor, in press), permitting more detailed characterisation of habitats by a floristic method than might be possible in vegetation dominated by another flora,
(ii) that data on presence and absence of species are suitable and sufficient for such characterisation, in view of the high species-diversity in fynbos and the possibility that the relative importances of species have been changed by man-made disturbance, and
(iii) that two families characteristic of fynbos (Taylor, in press), the Proteaceae and Restionaceae, constitute a representative sample of the taxa composing the vegetation and are sufficient for characterisation of habitats for compara- tive purposes.
Additional considerations leading to the choice of the Proteaceae as a sample group were that the study species are members of this family and that most genera are, or have already been, under taxonomic revision. The Restionaceae were in turn chosen partly because representatives of the family are invariably present in and thus characterise fynbos, and partly because the apparent habitat specificity of members of this large group makes them useful indicators of environment (Taylor, 1969, 1972a, in press; Boucher, 1972; Milewski & Esterhuysen, 1977).
The family Proteaceae is represented on the western flats of the south-western Cape by twelve species of Leucadendron, six species of Leucospermum, ten species of Serruria, three species of Diastella and six species of Protea. The following is a brief outline of the phytogeography of these groups in relation to the overall phytogeography of these flats.
Leucadendron salignum occupies the major part of the western flats and is widespread throughout the south-western Cape. The remaining 11 Leucadendron species occurring on the flats are all endemic, extending neither on to adjacent mountains nor on to the southern coastal flats east of Hangklip. Leucadendron floridum, L. thymifolium, L. levisanus, L. verticillatum and L. flexuosum, and the extinct L. spirale, have or had small, continuous areas of distribution. Leucaden- dron lanigerum, L. corymbosum, L. cinereum, L. stellare and L. foedum have wider ranges, those of L. stellare, L. corymbosum and L. lanigerum being disjunct. In addition to these 12 species, Leucadendron chamelaea, L. linifolium, L. brunioides, L. rubrum and L. spissifolium extend marginally on to the flats from their main ranges elsewhere (Williams, 1972).
Three species of Leucospermum, viz. L. parile, L. arenarium and L. tomento- sum, are endemic to small, continuous areas of distribution on the western flats. Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron and L. rodolentum have wider, disjunct
$$$ ga
Habitat of Threatened Proteaceae ii
ranges centred on, but not restricted to, the flats. Leucospermum grandiflorum has a small range on part of the flats and adjacent foothills. In addition to these six species, L. conocarpodendron and L. calligerum extend marginally on to the flats from their main ranges on the mountains (Rourke, 1972).
Serruria burmannii parallels Leucadendron salignum as a widespread inhabi- tant of most of the western flats. Serruria ciliata, S. trilopha, S. furcellata, S. linearis and §. roxburghii are all endemic to the flats, having small areas of distribution; S$. decipiens has a wider range but appears also to be endemic. Serruria incrassata, S. aitonii, S. glomerata, S. cyanoides and S. brownii occupy part of the flats and extend on to the adjacent foothills. In addition, S. vallaris and possibly also S. fucifolia, both mountain species, extend marginally on to the flats (Rourke, in prep.).
Diastella parilis and D. buekii have small ranges on the flats adjacent to the foothills. Diastella proteoides, also endemic, has a wider distribution. In addition, D. divaricata has a range centred on the mountains and extending marginally on to the flats (Rourke, 1976).
Protea repens is a widespread member of its genus on the western flats, as are Leucadendron salignum and Serruria burmannii. Protea pulchra and P. acaulos also occupy the major part of the flats but extend on to the adjacent mountains. Protea scolymocephala, P. odorata and P. mucronifolia are endemic, P. scolymo- cephala having a wide range relative to the other two species. In addition, P: arborea, P. laurifolia, P. cynaroides, P. lepidocarpodendron and P. macroce- phala, all mountain species, occur marginally on the flats (Rourke, in prep.).
Studies of Restionaceae (Milewski & Esterhuysen, 1977; Milewski, 1977) represent virtually the only available phytogeographical information dealing speci- fically with the western flats. Weimarck (1941), working with preliminary distri- bution data for a number of sample groups over the entire south-western Cape, treated this area merely as part of his ‘‘South-Western Centre’’, a phytogeographi- cal land unit comprising both mountains and flats south and west of the Breede and Berg Rivers. He minimised the phytogeographical distinctiveness of these flats in comparison with surrounding mountains and the Bredasdorp limestone flats, stating: ‘‘The species occurring here have, as a rule, large distribution areas and are also abundant in a large part of the flats’’, and citing Corymbium SALA Echiostachys spicatus and Lobostemon paniculaeformis as examples of the “‘very few’’ endemic species (Weimarck, 1941).
The restriction of three Restionaceous (Milewski & Esterhuysen, 1977) and 23 Proteaceous (above) species to the western flats calls for a revision of Weimarck S preliminary interpretation. The combination of an evident concentration of en- demic taxa and intensive disturbance by man makes the western coastal flats a priority area for research towards plant conservation. Williams (1972), referring to Leucadendron floridum, stated: ‘“There is no doubt that, unless this historic species is rigorously preserved, it will be extinct before long. It has already been
58 Journal of South African Botany
eliminated everywhere except in the Cape Point Nature Reserve, . . . where it is now being rapidly overwhelmed by the introduced Australian Port Jackson wattle [Acacia saligna Wendl., formerly A. cyanophylla Lindl.].’’ Leucadendron levi- sanus, another flats endemic, was formerly “‘abundant’’ near Cape Town: ‘‘urban development and the spread of the introduced Acacia cyanophylla Lindl., have however virtually eliminated it from the Peninsula and it is fast approaching extinction’ (Williams, 1972).
METHODS
Six study species in the family Proteaceae were chosen for the following characteristics: (1) endemism to a small continuous geographical range (maximum 700 km?) within the western coastal flats, arbitrarily defined (Milewski & Esterhuysen, 1977) as from False Bay northwards, west of the Hottentots-Holland-Winterhoek mountain chain to § 32 ° 30’ and eastwards along the intermontane flats to Worcester, between sea level and 600 m altitude, and small size and deteriorating conservation status of remaining total species- population owing to man-made environmental changes (number of known extant plants of each study species less than | 000).
(2
7
The study species, all evergreen perennials, were: (i) Serruria ciliata R. Br., (ii) Leucadendron verticillatum (Thunb.) Meisner, (111) Leucadendron flexuosum Williams, (iv) Leucadendron floridum R. Br., (v) Leucadendron levisanus (L.) Berg., and (vi) Diastella buekii (Gandoger) Rourke.
Methods were essentially similar to those used by Milewski (1977). Severe limitations on the thoroughness of the investigation were imposed by the study species’ relict status. All known remaining populations of each study species were investigated, ‘“‘populations’’ of a species being arbitrarily defined (Milewski & Esterhuysen, 1977) as stands farther than 2 km apart. Data were recorded from two populations of all study species except Diastella buekii (until recently thought extinct [Rourke, 1976]; a single rediscovered population was investigated) and Leucadendron verticillatum (3 populations investigated). The physiognomy and general floristics of associated vegetation were subjectively recorded for each population.
Indirect (floristic) information was mainly used in comparing the habitats of the study species. The four Leucadendron species grow as 1,0-2,0 m high, densely branched, erect woody shrubs arising from a single stem; the two Serruria species, forming 0,5-1,0 m high shrubs, have similar growth-form. Diastella
Habitat of Threatened Proteaceae 59
buekii grows as a dense “‘mat’’ (diameter 1,0-2,0 m) of creeping soft-woody stems, originating from a single base at ground level and rooting adventitiously. All species in the Proteaceae and Restionaceae growing within 0,5 m of plants of each study species were recorded, data thereby being collected only within the edaphic environment of the study species (plants of the study species cover a larger area than do the herbaceous Restionaceous species studied by Milewski, 1977, necessitating a greater radius of investigation).
The search for members of these two families was continued until the list of associates for each population appeared complete, i.e. until not more than one new associate species was found with ten successively visited study plants, or until a minimum of 20 plants, scattered throughout the population, had been investigated. Lists, according to presence or absence, of associate species for each population were combined to show the “‘between-population frequency’’ of each associate for each study species. A list from one population of Serruria ciliata (apparently var. congesta) was not included in the associate data, since the associated vegetation appeared very different from that in which the typical form of the species grew, and owing to the undecided taxonomic status of S. ciliata var. congesta at the time of writing (Rourke, pers. comm.).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. General account of habitats
Serruria ciliata was restricted to deep, pale Tertiary sand on the northern Cape Flats (Rourke, in prep.). The associated vegetation was a mainly restioid-ericoid (sensu Taylor, in press) Coastal Fynbos, 1,0-1,5 m high. The species occurred near Bellville and Bottelary as scattered plants with e.g. Berzelia abrotanoides, Staavia adiata, Cliffortia polygonifolia and Passerina vulgaris in stands similar to those associated with Chondropetalum acockii and Restio micans (Milewski & Esterhuysen, 1977). Serruria ciliata var. congesta grew near Faure in vegetation different in appearance, resembling Taylor’s (1972b) Thamnochortus-Passerina Fynbos of Reddish Sands, with the ericoid shrub Passerina vulgaris. the tufted | testioid Thamnochortus erectus, the low spreading shrub Myrica quercifolia and
several members of the Proteaceae and Restionaceae (Appendix 1). | Leucadendron verticillatum was restricted to ‘‘fairly level’’ substrates “with a clay subsoil’’ in ‘‘a small area where the divisions of Bellville, Paarl, Malmesbury and Stellenbosch adjoin each other’’ (Williams, 1972). The associated vegetation was an ericoid-restioid form of Coastal Rhenosterbosveld (sensu Taylor, in press). The species occurred on the slopes of the Joostenberg as scattered emergent plants in an open stand (canopy cover 40-50 %) comprising a main 0,7-0,9 m stratum dominated by the ‘‘heath-like’’ shrub Elytropappus rhinocerous, and a ground _ Stratum of wiry restioids (e.g. Restio cuspidatus) and forbs. Leucadendron verticil- \latum occurred near Hercules Pillar as 2,5-3,0 m emergent shrubs in similar
60 Journal of South African Botany
vegetation, with 1,0-1,5 m proteoid (Leucadendron lanigerum), broad-leaved (e.g. Olea africana) and ericoid (e.g. Eriocephalus africanus) shrubs.
Leucadendron flexuosum occurred only on “‘level alluvial soil containing a large percentage of waterworn stones’’ in a small area of ‘‘the Breede River Valley near Worcester’? (Williams, 1972). The associated vegetation was an ericoid-restioid dry fynbos. The species grew near Hartebeest River Bridge as scattered plants forming a 1,8 m emergent stratum in an open stand (canopy cover 40-50 %) comprising a main 0,3-0,4 m stratum of ericoid and other small-leaved shrubs (e.g. Elytropappus gnaphaloides, Eriocephalus africanus, Relhania squarrosa, Cliffortia ruscifolia) and wiry restioids (e.g. Restio cuspidatus). Another population of Leucadendron flexuosum near Hartebeest River Bridge occurred as groups of plants forming, with shrubs of Dodonaea viscosa, a 1,0 m stratum emergent from a main stratum of tufted restioids (e.g. Thamnochortus sporadicus) and ericoid shrubs.
Leucadendron floridum was restricted to sandy soil on the Cape Flats and valleys of the Cape Peninsula (Williams, 1972). The associated vegetation was a mainly graminoid-ericoid (sensu Taylor, in press) fynbos intermediate in appear- ance between Coastal Fynbos and Mountain Fynbos. The species occurred near Kommetjie and between Scarborough and Klaasjagersberg in dense stands (canopy cover 80-90 %), comprising 1,0-2,0 m high tussock restioids (e.g. Restio com- pressus) and other graminoids (e.g. Neesenbeckia punctoria), and ericoid and other shrubs (e.g. Berzelia abrotanoides, Erica spp., Psoralea aphylla), and a poorly defined lower stratum of sprawling soft shrubs (e.g. Cliffortia subsetacea) and tufted restioids (e.g. Elegia fistulosa). This vegetation appeared similar to Taylor's (1969) Berzelia-Osmitopsis Seepage Scrub Association and Restiona- ceous Tussock Marsh Association.
Leucadendron levisanus occurred only “‘on sandy soil. . . on the Cape Flats from the Fish Hoek valley north to the Koeberg’’ (Williams, 1972). The species formed a scattered emergent stratum of 1,0-1,5 m shrubs in restioid-ericoid vegetation similar to that associated with Serruria ciliata. Leucadendron levisanus has previously been recorded growing with other emergents, e.g. Thamnochortus erectus and Passerina vulgaris, among plants of e.g. Aspalathus hispida, Carpo- brotus acinaciformis, Crassula cymosa, Psoralea fruticans, Rhus laevigata and Ehrharta villosa (Taylor, 1972b).
Diastella buekii was restricted to “‘sandy situations’, on “‘the floor of the upper Berg River valley’’ (Rourke, 1976). The associated vegetation was a mainly restioid-ericoid fynbos intermediate in appearance between Coastal Fynbos and Mountain Fynbos. The species occurred near Wemmershoek as scattered plants in an open stand (canopy cover 50-70%) comprising a main 0,6—-0,7 m stratum of tufted restioids (e.g. Thamnochortus sporadicus, Chondropetalum nudum, Staberoha cernua) and ericoid shrubs (e.g. Cliffortia juniperina, Lachno- spermum fasciculatum, Euryops abrotanifolius, Lachnaea capitata, Phylica stipu-
Habitat of Threatened Proteaceae 61
TABLE |
Restionaceous and Proteaceous associate species, according to “‘between-population fre-
quency’’, of six Proteaceous study species: 1 = Leucadendron floridum, 2 = Leucadendron
levisanus, 3 = Serruria ciliata, 4 = Diastella buekii, 5 = Leucadendron flexuosum, 6 =
Leucadendron verticillatum. Numerator is the number of populations in which the associate
was recorded within 0,5 m of plants of each study species; denominator is the total number
of investigated populations of each study species; **+’’ indicates associates recorded in the same stand of vegetation as the study species but not within 0,5 m.
Occurrence with study species
Associate species 1 2 3 4 ] 5 [ 6
lege Silage VAUUN oo ogocessos eaaneocooooE /2 RGSTORGOMPLESSUSMIN OUD rete tate le rire ele ei 2/2 Diastella divaricata (Berg.) Rourke ............. 1/2 Leucadendron laureolum (Lam.) Fourcade ....... 1/2 R@STG CEG ITENS, occoconcm one géosenosoodsDd 1/2 [El eanG: GLITCH WIENS caccsecoedenodnosoudEDT 1/2 Elegia asperiflora (Nees) Kunth ................ Pyf), |) ar Senjunanelomeratal (I2.) ROBIN. 2-22.22 o3--- AYfP2 \\ WYP Restouetmagonus Phunbie =... 2-5. --2 2-6: Hp || YP SGI: CHIT) VE 6 oagabece caneogengganuodd 1/2 RCSD TALUCATE NOt Geacecaudscuaduucboodcod 1/2 IEWARG! WAR AgaEE WES Geonebcoess0b0edodeoeRd + Bilecraiprominens bilians ee. ee i + RGSRO SHORTS VANEISS coccocobocecuouocucudn + Protea scolymocephala Reich. ..........------- + + iResttoymicans (Kunth) Nees =--.-.-.-.--------- V2 |) Wy Thamnochortus punctatus Pillans .............-. 1/22 Diastella proteoides (L.) Druce .......----.---+ + | 1/2 Leptocarpus impolitus (Kunth) Pillans ........... 2/2 Leucadendron levisanus (L.) Berg. ......-----++-: 1/2 Leucadendron cinereum (Solander ex Ait) R.Br.... 1/2 Chondropetalum acockii Pillans .........------- 1/2 Thamnochortus obtusus Pillans ...........--+++: 1/2 Prataa: juries VSGOUE cnc pocedoneecuauaccooe4 1/2 Staberoha distachya (Rottb.) Kunth ............. 1/2 PrGae (GIG WL) boo o65eceabouuooden peeoouI4 ale Nenuria furcellata RBI... . 2222626602 - 9-20" + Leucospermum hypophyllocarpodendron (L.)
DIGS: pe cewietje oe RO ein Oc en eae ype, \\ AUP Hypodiscus aristatus (Thunb.) Nees......------- Restio curviramis Kunth ...........-----++++:: EIOR OTITIS EOI sec e-.. 2-5. sere eee: 1/1 Restio pedicellatus Mast.......-..-++--+++:++++: Restio monanthus Mast.........-----++---+°+:: Resttonwalliehiwt Mast) seeecie.--- 26-227 4° ss Thamnochortus sporadicus Pillans .......------- EHO Gu, SION, MW cooenancu. cop den oeeooe mapaiag 5/2 Cannomois acuminata (Thunb.) Pillans .......--- Leucospermum calligerum (Salisb. ex Knight) 1/2
POUTTG onc oc Good Gels Hoe Ebon uOROoem sonore Leucadendron brunioides Meisn. ....-.-.---+++:
62 Journal of South African Botany
TABLE | (contd)
Occurrence with study species
Associate species
Leucadendron chamelaea (Lam.) Williams ....... Thamnochortus bachmannii Mast. ..........---- IRA CHT HATE JAWENG occo0c0esc00000000000006 Leucadendron lanigerum Buek ex Meisn. ........ 2/3 Elegia squamosa Mast. ...........-.+--+------ 2/3 Hypodiscus paludosus Pillans ...........------- 2/3 Elegia sp. nov. Esterhuysen 34411.............. 2/3 ROSH CAPLORIS ROMO, 2 o0000000000000000000008 2/3 Praga @dopaia WUD, coccaceccc0000000000000 1/3 IROSHO GEORAGWIGIETILOS INES 6 o5000000000000000006 Dp) \\ WP |) Wy Restio) bifurcus Nees ex Mast.......--.--....-.- W2 || 2 || Wye Chondropetalum nudum (Nees) Rottb. .........-- DP \|\ DP = 1/1 JABHO WORT BTUGTTO IMESG 6 9.0 00000000000000000008 2/2 ae lil Elegia neesii (Mast.) Mast. ..............------ 2/2 1/1 Elegia coleura Nees ex Mast.............+---++- 1/2 1/2 Chondropetalum tectorum (L.) Pillans ........... 1/2 | 1/2 Willdenowiarsulcatas Mas taapencnce eee de) BYP | iyi Willdenowiarhumiliss Masten nec crc + 1/2 | 1/1 Hypodiscus willdenowia (Nees) Mast. ..........- aF 2 1 iil Staberoha cernua (L.f.) Dur & Schinz........... 2/2 oF W2 | iil || Dp Restiojpaludosusmrilansineeenooe cect errr WW |) Wf |) se Wil | ye Leucadendron salignum Berg.............+.++-- + V2) Wil |) aye (HARTA! OCIIIPIORE, VAUININ 3 0000000000 00005d00000C W2 || QQ | Wye 1/2 | 1/3 IROSHO Fs WOo 2 9 000000000000000000000000000 + 1/2 Willdenowia arescens Kunth................... 2/2 1/2 ILGDOCTDS IBOTOUS IES, 2 o0c0eb00000000000C 1/2 W2 | QB Chondropetalum rectum (Mast.) Pillans .......... 1/2 2/3 Senna. loxmmiaarall IRB, oo 00 cee c000a08e00Ke000 + + Leptocarpus vimineus (Rottb.) Pillans ........... aP ROS CU DICGHIS WNIT, oo000o0000000000000004 + Wil || Be | Bye
+
+
RESTO SD WN 3B ccccaocacceesoooncovcnvesccr Thamnochortus fruticosus Berg. ..............-- Wilidenowiakstriataalhunb yee eee eneeeie
laris). Scattered proteoid, ericoid and other shrubs (e.g. Leucadendron salignum, Passerina vulgaris, Berzelia abrotanoides, Anthospermum aethiopicum, Rhus angustifolia, Diospyros glabra) emerged to 1,2 m.
2. Habitat similarity
Table 1 shows sets of Proteaceous and Restionaceous associates for the study species. The column sequence in Table 1 interrelates the study species on the basis of associates shared, owing to the arrangement of rows and columns. Table 2 shows percentage similarity between these sets.
Similarity values were generally low; the only pairs of species showing more than 30 % similarity between sets of associates were Leucadendron floridum with
Habitat of Threatened Proteaceae 63
f TABLE 2 Percentage similarity between sets of associates for six study species of Proteaceae, using “‘between-population frequency’’ data on Proteaceous and Restionaceous associates (Table
1) to calculate the Czekanowski coefficient. The formula used was es x 100 (Bray &
Curtis, 1957), where w = number of associate species in common, A = number of associates for one study species, and B = number of associates for another study species.
Study species
1
eee cucadendronponidumeRo Bia --rie scenes le . Leucadendron levisanus (L.) Berg ........... MNS CLLURIAKCHIQIQURG BT geri. ues ta ete melons . Diastella buekii (Gandoger) Rourke .......... . Leucadendron flexuosum Williams ........... . Leucadendron verticillatum (Thunb.) Meisn. ...
DANnhWNe
L. levisanus, and Diastella buekii with Leucadendron flexuosum. Leucadendron verticillatum and L. flexuosum had sets of associates largely different (17,4 % similar) from each other and from those for the other two congeneric study species (3,9-20,0 % similar). The set of associates for Serruria ciliata was more similar to that for L. levisanus (one of its associates) than to those for any other study species.
This numerical assessment of similarities can be viewed as a reflection of habitat similarity for the study species, based on the assumptions set out in the introduction. The habitats of the study species thus appear in general to be distinct from each other.
3. Discussion
Leucadendron levisanus, L. floridum and Serruria ciliata all formerly occurred in partial sympatry on the northern Cape Flats. Each of the remaining three study species was allopatric with all other study species.
Leucadendron levisanus and L. floridum, largely sympatric, have been re- corded from the same localities (Williams, 1972). A difference in their habitats has, however, been hinted at in the literature: L. /evisanus has been recorded from ‘‘sandy soil, often very damp in winter’, while L. floridum *‘is always found growing near to streams or in damp places . . . it will grow with its roots submerged for long periods in waterlogged ground’’ (Williams, 1972). The chief habitat difference between these two congeners thus appears to be their different, although possibly overlapping, tolerance ranges with regard to soil moisture. Serruria ciliata evidently also has a discrete association with relatively poorly drained substrates, ranging from those supporting L. levisanus to better drained sands supporting the very habitat-specific Chondropetalum acocki (the habitats of
64 Journal of South African Botany
Chondropetalum acockii and Restio micans, associates respectively of S. ciliata and L. levisanus, have been described by Milewski & Esterhuysen, 1977).
The habitat of Diastella buekii, as expressed by its set of associates, is more similar to those for L. Jevisanus and S. ciliata than to that for L. verticillatum; the habitat of Leucadendron flexuosum appears equally similar to these two groups. The sand associated with D. buekii, probably of transported Table Mountain Sandstone origin, is apparently that of an intermontane alluvial plain, as is the substrate associated with L. flexuosum. However, D. buekii receives more than twice the average annual precipitation (800-900 mm, localities given by Rourke, 1976) received by L. flexuosum (300-400 mm, localities given by Williams, 1972), which grows on the edge of the Karoo.
The interrelationships of the habitats of the study species, thus interpreted from sets of associates, agree with the author’s field impressions. The evident interrela- tionships of the vegetation associated with the study species, assessed subjectively on the basis of physiognomy and general floristics, also support these conclusions.
The main variation in the vegetation of the western flats appears to be in response to two edaphic gradients, the first determined by the proportions of sand and clay in the soil and the second by site drainage (e.g. Talbot, 1971; Taylor, 1969, 1972b, in press). The sand-clay ratio evidently results, at the extremes of the range, in the basic dichotomy outlined by Acocks (1975) and Taylor (in press), that of Coastal Fynbos (Coastal Macchia) on deep pale Tertiary sand and Coastal Rhenosterbosveld on clay-rich soil weathered from Malmesbury shale. Leucaden- dron levisanus, L. floridum and Serruria ciliata are species of the sand biotope, while Leucadendron verticillatum is a species of the clay biotope. Leucadendron flexuosum can perhaps be regarded as a species of an intermediate, relatively dry environment; Diastella buekii can perhaps be regarded as a species of a sandy environment intermediate between the Coastal Fynbos and Mountain Fynbos (i.e. Acocks’ Macchia on Table Mountain Sandstone) biotopes.
The apparent dissimilarity between the habitats of the study species, including those which grow in geographical proximity in apparently similar environments, reflects the complex floristic pattern within Coastal Fynbos and Coastal Rhenoster- bosveld. Preservation of as wide a range as possible of coastal flats endemics and the plant communities in which they occur calls for the strict preservation of all remaining relics of natural vegetation until a detailed phytocenological survey can provide the basis for optimal placing of permanent flora reserves.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank Professor E. A. C. L. E. Schelpe for the use of facilities at the Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town. Dr A. V. Hall, project leader of the Rare and Endangered Plant Species Research Group, supervised the study. Miss E. Esterhuysen and Dr J. P. Rourke gave freely of their expertise, and assisted with identification of Restionaceae and Proteaceae respectively. Dr E. J. Moll, Dr P.
Habitat of Threatened Proteaceae 65
Bridgewater and Mr H. P. Linder commented on the manuscript. Financial assistance provided under the National Programme for Environmental Sciences is gratefully acknowledged. I am indebted to Mrs M. L. Jarman and Miss C. Davidge for typing the manuscript.
REFERENCES
Acocks, J. P. H., 1975. Veld types of South Africa. Mem. bot. Surv. S. Afr. 40.
BoucHEerR, C. 1972. The vegetation of the Cape Hangklip area. M.Sc. thesis. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
Bray, R. J. and Curtis, T. T., 1957. An ordination of upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecol. Monogr. 22: 325-349.
MiLewski, A. V. and EsTERHUYSEN, E., 1977. Habitat of Restionaceae endemic to western Cape coastal flats. J] S. Afr. Bot. 43 (4): 233-241.
Mitewski, A. V., 1977. Habitat of Restionaceae endemic to the south-western Cape coastal flats. J/ S. Afr. Bot. 43 (4): 243-261.
RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Group. Unpublished reports on distribution, habitat and status of threatened plant taxa in the south-western Cape, 1976. Cape Town: Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town.
Rourke, J. P., 1972. Taxonomic studies on Leucospermum R.Br. Jl S. Afr. Bot. Suppl. vol. 8.
RourkKE, J. P., 1976. A revision of Diastella (Proteaceae). JI S. Afr. Bot. 42 (3): 185-211.
Rourke, J. P., in preparation. A revision of the genus Protea L.
Rourke, J. P., in preparation. A revision of the genus Serruria Salisb.
TatBot, W. J., 1971. South western Cape Province. The South African land- scape: 1. South African Geographical Society.
Taytor, H. C., 1969. Vegetation of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve. M.Sc. thesis. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
TayLor, H. C., 1972a. Fynbos. Veld & Flora 2: 68-75.
Taytor, H. C., 1972b. Notes on the vegetation of the Cape Flats. Bothalia 10 (4): 637-646.
Taytor, H. C., in press. Phytogeography and ecology in Capensis. In: M. J. A. Werger (ed.), Biogeography and ecology in Southern Africa. The Hague: Junk.
Wermarck, H., 1941. Phytogeographical groups, centres and intervals within the Cape Flora. Acta Univ. lund. N.F. Avd. 2, 37 (5).
Wuittaker, R. H., Levin, S. A. and Root, R. B., 1973. Niche, habitat and ecotope. Am. Nat. 107 (955): 321-338.
Wituiams, I. J. M., 1972. A revision of the genus Leucadendron (Proteaceae). Contr. Bol. Herb. 3.
Appendix 1: Restionaceous and Proteaceous associates of Serruria ciliata var. congesta (100 plants investigated in 1 population).
Leucadendron salignum, Protea scolymocephala, Serruria burmannit, Hi eae i erectus, Thamnochortus fruticosus, Thamnochortus obtusus, Hypodiscus wt ae 9 gia vaginulata, Willdenowia striata, Chondropetalum nudum and Restio cuspidatus.
JIS. Afr. Bot. 44 (1): 67-81 (1978)
STUDIES IN THE GENUS CASSIA IN SOUTH AFRICA: 2. NOTES ON CASSIA ITALICA (MILL.) LAM. EX F. W. ANDR.
K. D. GORDON-GRAY (Bews Botanical Laboratories, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg)
ABSTRACT
Two characters (stigma form and ovary indumentum) previously unused in subspecific delimitation within Cassia italica (Mill.) Lam. ex F. W. Andr. are considered and additions are made to features already useful in infraspecific classification in this taxon. Two subspecies, the one comprising three forms, are confirmed for the species in southern Africa a Cae ranges for the taxa are given. Some previously perplexing variants are clarified.
UITTREKSEL
’N STUDIE VAN DIE GENUS CASSIA IN SUID-AFRIKA: 2. AANTEKENINGE OOR CASSIA ITALICA (MILL.) LAM. EX F. W. ANDR.
Twee kenmerke (stempelvorm en ovariumbeharing) wat voorheen nie in die afbakening op subspecies-vlak in Cassia italica (Mill.) Lam. ex F. W. Andr. gebruik is nie, word in oorweging geneem en word tot kenmerke wat alreeds nuttig is in die indeling op infraspecies-vlak in hierdie takson gevoeg. Twee subspecies, een bestaande uit drie forms, word bevestig vir die species in suidelike Afrika en die verspreidings vir die taksons word aangegee. ‘n Paar variante waaroor daar voorheen onduidelikheid was, word toegelig.
Brenan (1958) outlined the wide geographical range of Cassia italica (Mill.) Lam. ex F. W. Andr. and analysed its ‘‘. . . remarkable range of variation, _..?. On leaf, inflorescence and flower characters, this author was able to recognize three races which he appropriately designated subspecies because of their mostly distinct distributions and because of occasional inconstancies in the correlated characters by which they were distinguished. Table 1 gives a summary of these distinctions and of the geographical ranges of the subspecies as deter- mined by this author. The southern race, subsp. arachoides, is undoubtediy the most variable. Much South African material corresponds with the holotype of this subspecies (South Africa, Griqualand West, Burchell 1680, K), but Brenan (1958) enumerated three variants that diverge from this type and he listed other “*. . . perplexing specimens. . .”’.
In revising Cassia for the Flora of Southern Africa, it became necessary to take up the study of this subspecies and of subsp. micrantha, both of which reach the Flora area, and to pursue the ‘‘perplexities’’ that Brenan had so ably exposed.
This subsequent study has revealed the presence within C. italica of two characters convenient in infraspecific diagnosis that were unused by Brenan.
Accepted for publication 19th July, 1977. 67
68 Journal of South African Botany
These are: 1. Stigmatic form
In subsp. arachoides the style is long and more or less coiled: it terminates in a stigmatic zone only slightly wider than the style breadth which narrows again to end in a small more or less circular opening (Fig. la, b: Fig. 2b, c).
In subsp. micrantha the style is visibly shorter and does not coil, but merely recurves towards the ovary: the terminal stigmatic zone is clearly wider than the style and asymmetrically trumpet shaped (better developed adaxially than abaxially) with an opening as wide as the stigmatic expansion. In herbarium specimens the delicate margin of this stigmatic tissue is usually reflexed, but this is not often the casein living flowers (Fig. lc: Fig. 2a).
In the few specimens of subsp. italica I have examined, the stylar and stigmatic form agreed precisely with that of subspecies arachoides. Probably this could do with further checking.
Because style and stigma persist after pollination and can be seen clearly exposed on young developing fruits, the form of these structures provides a useful means by which to distinguish the subspecies micrantha and arachoides. The criterion seems reliable (as is to be expected considering the use that has been made of stigmatic form in aiding the delimitation of genera in papilionates, for example Dolichos and its allies, Verdcourt, 1970), for among the more than 200 specimens examined, only one possible intermediate was encountered (see De
ovaries mm,
hairs 2.5mm
obttetatd roan LN OIG
BiGaale CASSIA ITALICA, developing ovaries with their indumentum types: a. subsp. arachoides minute-haired form with trichomes patent (left) and curved (right); b. subsp. arachoides villous form; c. subsp. micrantha.
Genus Cassia in SA; Notes on Cassia italica 69
Winter & Leistner 5756 later) but this had clearly the stigmatic structure of subsp. micrantha.
2. Indumentum of developing ovary and mature legume
Vesture, together with some consideration of the hair types comprising it, has been used before in infraspecific classification within C. italica. Burtt Davy (1932) established C. obovata var. pilosa for plants with stems, rhachises and leaves pilose, while Brenan (1958) included indumentum among the characters he used (see Table 1). No author yet seems to have commented upon the indumentum of, or its absence from, young ovaries or mature fruits. This may be because the trichome types present are those of the vegetative organs, but on the ovaries in particular, the hairs are closely packed and thus readily observed, especially as the outer floral parts fall away after fertilization to leave the young ovaries exposed. This character aids particularly in the recognition of variants within subsp. arachoides, but can be used as an additional means by which to distinguish the two subspecies.
In the subspecies micrantha ovaries are densely clothed in curved, appressed, white hairs which give them an almost hoary appearance (Figs Ic: 2f). Occa- sionally some of these hairs are swollen and inversely bottle-shaped (perhaps serving as water reservoirs?). As growth and maturation of the fruit takes place, the hairs become spaced so that the mature valves are sparsely appressed- pubescent.
In subsp. arachoides the indumentum is not uniform and four variants or forms may be recognized:
Variant Ovary Legume Trichome type (representative of whole plant) A (typical form) glabrous glabrous short, straight, patent, scattered (Fig. 3a, g) B (minute-haired densely sparsely minute, curved form) appressed- appressed- appressed (Figs. pubescent pubescent la, right; 2d; 3d) C (minute-haired densely sparsely minute, straight, form) pubescent pubescent patent (Figs. la, left; 2e; 3f) D (villous form) densely villous villous long, slender,
straight, patent, fine hairs (Figs. 1b; 2g; 3h)
70 Journal of South African Botany
Fic. 2. CASSIA ITALICA, scanning electron micrographs of: a. subsp. micrantha, stigma (X 105); b. & c. subsp. arachoides, stigma (X 105); d. subsp. arachoides minute-haired form (trichomes curved), ovary indumentum (X 300); e. ditto but trichomes patent (X 300); f. subsp. micrantha, ovary indumentum (X 300); g. subsp. arachoides villous form, ovary indumentum (X 135).
Genus Cassia in SA: Notes on Cassia italica
xs ved ge ge “Rep 28 gn ee CGF 0 = chee. ox
Fic. 3. CASSIA ITALICA, scanning electron micrographs of: a. subsp. arachoides typical form, leaf surface showing trichomes and papillae (X 125); b. ditto, papillae enlarged (X 200); e. ditto, further enlarged, note stoma (X 800); g. ditto, single trichome enlarged (X 600); c. subsp. micrantha, leaf surface showing single trichome (X 600); k. ditto, further enlarged (X 1625); d. subsp. arachoides minute-haired form, leaf surface showing single curved trichome (X 600); f. ditto showing two patent trichomes (X 600); h. subsp. arachoides villous form, leaf surface showing base of trichome and several stomata (X 300).
71
U2 Journal of South African Botany
On the basis of stigma type and indumentum it has been possible to clarify one of the doubts expressed by Brenan, 1958, and to provide a few more facts relevant to the understanding of infraspecific variation in C. italica.
Burtt Davy 7040 (K) from hotel-yard at Pienaars River Station, Transvaal, that was doubtfully determined by Brenan /.c. as subsp. micrantha, has been re- examined by Dr J. H. Ross, SA Liaison Officer at Kew, whom I should like to thank. This specimen has the stylar form typical of subsp. arachoides. It is therefore in accord with distributional patterns of variants within C. italica determined in the present study, for no specimens of subsp. micrantha have been found further east than Lugard 201 from Kwebe Hills, Botswana, approximately S 20° 40’; E 23° 5’ (also cited by Brenan, 1958).
The only other specimen seen that did not immediately fall within one or other subspecies on the basis of the two characters mentioned above was De Winter & Leistner 5756 from Otjinungua, north western South West Africa. This has the stylar form of subsp. micrantha but the indumentum of subsp. arachoides, to which taxon it was referred by Schreiber, 1967. (I prefer to place it with subsp. micrantha as, in my opinion, it also agrees with this taxon in petiole length, inflorescence/leaf ratio and leaflet apex). It is from an area where both these subspecies are thought to be sympatric (but this must be checked on the ground, if possible). Such a specimen suggests that outbreeding is possible between these subspecies, as would be expected.
From study of the indumentum of ovary and fruit in the considerable amount of material of subsp. arachoides available in herbaria, it has been possible to gain better knowledge of, and roughly to delimit the areas occupied by, the variants within this subspecies, some of which were listed by Brenan 1958: 243.
Variant A represents the typical form of subsp. arachoides. Here ovary and fruit are glabrous. Plants are sometimes described as glabrous and glaucous. The latter epithet is well applied, but strictly plants are not glabrous for magnification reveals scattered short straight patent hairs on leaves and stems that Brenan referred to as “‘Indumentum saepius breve, sparsum, patens. . .’’ (Fig. 3a). Often on young stem apices in particular, and especially in plants growing where environments are extreme, the hairs are interspersed with small, short-stalked or subsessile elliptical glands that impart a certain viscidity. The leaves are also often papillate as is clearly revealed by electron scanning (Fig. 3a, b, e). This typical form is the “‘dryland”’ variant within subsp. arachoides, for plants occupy harsh, sub-desertic environments in South West Africa, Botswana, the northern central Cape Province, the Orange Free State and the western Transvaal (Fig. 4). A majority of southern African plants belong with this form.
Variants B and C represent Brenan’s variant (2). These plants are green, not glaucous, and again appear glabrous to the naked eye, but microscopic examina- tion reveals minute hairs more closely packed than in the typical form. Ovaries and fruits are hairy, not glabrous. In some plants (variant B) the hairs are curved
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CASSIA ITALICA,
74 Journal of South African Botany
and appressed; in other plants (variant C) the hairs are straight and patent. Brenan did not differentiate between the two hair types, so it is uncertain whether he noticed them or not. Of the specimens he cites I have not seen Trapnell 744 from Natal, but Barnard & Mogg 966 and Codd & De Winter 5009, both from the Transvaal, have curved hairs. Natal and Swaziland plants more commonly have straight, patent hairs, while those from the Transvaal are often curved, but this is not absolute.
These minute hairs, be they curved or straight, are distinguishable under magnification ( + X 20) from the hairs of subsp. micrantha and from hairs of the typical form of subsp. arachoides. Especially on the ovaries is this the case, for the longer appressed hairs of subsp. micrantha overlap to a degree that the minute hairs do not (compare Fig. 2d, e, f). This minute-haired form is the “‘moist-land”’ variant within subsp. arachoides. This appellation is, nevertheless, something of a misnomer, for plants, like those of the typical form, also occur in open, dry habitats, but such conditions in eastern Southern Africa are far less harsh than are the sub-desertic conditions of the west. The minute-haired form occurs in Rhode- sia, Mogambique, Swaziland, the Transvaal and Natal as far south as the Tugela Valley. In the Transvaal it is mainly central and eastern: towards the west there is overlap with the typical form.
Variant D represents Brenan’s (1958: 242) variant (1) and, as this author stated, is also probably the form that Burtt Davy (1932: 325, Type: Rogers 22504, Transvaal, Pilgrims Rest distr., Newington—not seen by me) established as C. obovata var. pilosa (non Senna obovata (Collad.) Batka var. pilosa Batka which is Cassia italica subsp. italica). Also probably belonging here is Moss & Rogers 36, which Baker (1930) and following him Burtt Davy (1932) tentatively placed with C. holosericea Fresen., which is a north-east African species with villous pubes- cence resembling that of Variant D, but with smaller flowers and pods that lack a line of crests.
Variant D is the villous form within subsp. arachoides. The hairs to the ovary, mature legume, peduncle and the vegetative organs are long, fine, straight, patent and closely packed so that the indumentum is villous. Brenan cited only three specimens of this form, but the present survey has shown that it is well established in the Transvaal north of S 25° and between E 28°—30° 30’. Rogers 6074 from Francistown, Botswana is not quite as evidently hairy to the naked eye as are most specimens referred to this form. If this gathering and Rogers 22504 are included in variant D, then its distributional limits are extended slightly east and west.
Other characters correlated with variation within C. italica 3. Leaflet apex
Burtt-Davy (1932: 325) established C. obovata var. mucronata (Type: Galpin 750, Transvaal, Barberton, near Queen’s River) for plants in which the leaflets are drawn out into a mucron 0,5 to 1,0 mm long. It is not necessary to maintain this
——
Genus Cassia in SA: Notes on Cassia italica 75
taxon, for this character appears to be correlated with the development of minute hairs, so that it is a feature of the minute-haired form of subspecies arachoides. It is not limited to this entity, however, because plants of subsp. micrantha usually develop leaflets with similar mucronate apices. In contrast, the typical form of subsp. arachoides generally has emarginate leaflet apices. The only deviation from this is in occasional plants where whole leaves (and their leaflets) are very much larger than usual and are assumed to have developed during exceptionally favourable growth periods. The apices to these larger leaflets are rounded rather than emarginate, sometimes with a poorly-defined mucron. In the villous form of subsp. arachoides apices vary from more or less emarginate, to rounded, some- times with a poorly-defined or short mucron.
4. Legume crests and legume shape
In C. italica, each valve of the legume develops a lengthwise midline of discrete, small evaginations called ‘‘crests’’. Burtt-Davy (1932: 325) described Galpin 750 (type of his var. mucronata) as bearing pods lacking crests, but on the several sheets of this gathering in various herbaria, some pods show some evidence of evaginations. Study has shown that it is rather exceptional to find all legumes developed by a plant without trace of crests but sometimes they are scarcely discernible as in the (straight) minute-haired form in Natal (Ward 3613, PRE, NH, NU). Small, poorly-defined crests are known only among plants from eastern southern Africa: thus this feature seems correlated with the minute-haired form, but it is by no means always developed here, however, and as Brenan (1958: 243) suggested, seems no more than a chance variation.
Legume shape also shows variation. This seems to correlate in part at least with the taxa already recognized within C. italica. Pods of plants of the typical form of subsp. arachoides are usually more or less sub-orbicular with glabrous valves on which the veins are clearly marked (Fig. 4), whereas pods of all other variants including subsp. micrantha develop longer, narrower, more or less oblong pods, in which the valves carry an indumentum and where the veins are usually less obvious (Fig. 4). It is tempting to think these differences in shape are the result of differences in rates of growth concomitant with the differing environ- ments under which the plants grow, but this is not supported in the case of fruits of subsp. micrantha.
5. Petiole length
Reference to Table 1 shows that Brenan (1958) recognised subsp. arachoides as having shorter petioles than either of the other two subspecies. Thus he found perplexing certain specimens which, while agreeing with other characters of this taxon, yet possessed long petioles. Some of these specimens otherwise resembled the holotype of subsp. arachoides; others belonged with the minute-haired variant. In attempting an explanation for these long petioles, Brenan considered that they
76 Journal of South African Botany
might be produced on young actively growing shoots, or that they might result from introgression of subsp. micrantha into subsp. arachoides.
During the present study a number of points have become clear:
(i) within the distributional range of the typical form of subsp. arachoides it is not unusual for short petioled leaves to be succeeded on the same stem by leaves with much longer petioles (Werger 235, Orange Free State, Hopetown distr. near Luckhoff, has leaves with petioles ranging roughly in sequence from 5,0-15 mm (Fig. 5)). Also in occasional localities, plants with petioles up to 19 mm long have been repeatedly collected. These localities mostly lie between S 26°-30° and E 23°-26° and include the Herbert district and Bloemhof from where, respectively, Burchell 1764 and Leistner 53 (both cited by Brenan, 1958: 243) were obtained. Other localities and specimens worth mentioning are: Vryburg, Armoedsvlakte, Sharpe 7056; Bloemhof, Kameelpan, Christiana, Theron 427; Prieska, Bryant J178. Then, too, in other dry areas such as South West Africa, a single gathering may be much more robust and larger in all its vegetative parts than other specimens from the same general locality ([hlenveldt 1888, South West Africa, distr. Rehoboth, farm Bergland).
(ii) Within the minute-haired form it is usual for leaves to have petioles longer than the range given by Brenan (1958) for subsp. arachoides (see Table 1). Apart from the specimens of this group cited by Brenan as “‘perplexing’’, there are many others that exhibit the same feature (Edwards 3189, Natal, Ngotshe distr., 142 ml. from Pongola bridge on Magudu road, carries leaves with petioles from 10-18 mm long on the same plant).
(iii) Considering the range in petiole length recorded for leaves on single stems, it seems probable that within the typical form of subsp. arachoides at least, this is a seasonal, or a habitat, phenomenon associated with favourable growing conditions. This is surely not unexpected considering the response that usually results from the presence of moisture in inhospitable environments. On the basis of present distributions it seems unlikely that introgression from subsp. micrantha is the explanation underlying these longer petioles since most specimens are known from near the south eastern distributional limit of the typical form. But what is the explanation underlying the presence of the villous form of subsp. arachoides in the Pietersburg area of the Transvaal and probably further north? Is this a case of introgression, but with a taxon not now represented there?
6. Relative lengths of leaves and inflorescences and flower size
Brenan, 1958, collectively used three characters to classify C. italica at infraspecific level. These were:
Genus Cassia in SA: Notes on Cassia italica 77
Arent), HERBARIUM PRETORIA
Hey
FIG, 5. CASSIA ITALICA subsp. arachoides typical form: Werger 235 from near Luckhoff, stem showing variation in leaf and leaflet size.
78 Journal of South African Botany
TABLE 1. Characters used by Brenan (1958) to differentiate subspecies within C. italica
subsp. italica subsp. micrantha subsp. arachoides
petiole length mostly 10-35 mm mostly 10-25 mm mostly 3-12 mm raceme length 60-230 mm 20-80 mm 70-220 mm raceme length: mostly raceme ex- raceme shorter mostly raceme ex- subtending leaf ceeding subtending | than subtending ceeding subtending length leaf, sometimes leaf leaf subequal sepal length 8,0-13,0 mm 5,0-8,0 mm 8,0 mm petal length 9,0—20,0 mm 8,5—9,0 mm 10,0-12,0 mm petal width 5,0-10,0 mm 3,5—4,5 mm 5,0-6,0 mm anther lengths longest 8,0-14,0 mm 5,5-6,0 mm 8,0 mm medium 4,0-6,0 mm 2,5-3,5 mm 2,5-3,0 mm shortest 1,5-2,5 mm 1,25 mm 1,0 mm indumentum appressed-puber- appressed- often short, sparse, ulous, occasionally | puberulous spreading, rarely shortly spreading- dense, or appressed- pubescent puberulous distribution Cape Verde Is., Ethiopia, British Rhodesia, Senegambia & Somaliland, Uganda,| Mocgambique, Rio de Oro to Kenya, Tanzania, South West Africa, Egypt & Somali- Botswana & South | Botswana, Swaziland land & south to West Africa. & South Africa.
Nigeria, the Sudan | Also most of India. & Ethiopia. Also Israel, Arabia, Persia, Baluchistan
& n.w. India.
(a) ratio of subtending leaf length to inflorescence length (b) petiole length (c) flower size
He was careful to stipulate that none of these characters considered separately was absolute in enabling distinction to be made among the three subspecies, italica, micrantha and arachoides. The present work has shown that when these criteria are used (and they are helpful) the following additional attributes will make them easier to apply and more reliable in differentiation:
(i) inflorescence length for comparison against subtending leaf length: ideally measurement should take place as the first flower opens.
Genus Cassia in SA: Notes on Cassia italica
TABLE 2.
Main features useful in differentiating subspecies and forms within Cassia italica in southern Africa.
79
subspecies arachoides micrantha forms typical minute-haired villous stigma trumpet-shaped contracted into an aperture narrower than (Fig. 2a) style (Fig. 2b, c) style curved, + 3-4 mm more or less circinnate, 6-7 mm long (Fig. long (Fig. Ic) la, b) ovary indumentum hoary lacking hoary villous ovary trichomes see Fig. Ic; lacking see Fig. la; see Fig. 1b; 2f Dane 2g leaf trichomes microscopic short, patent microscopic villous appressed sparse (almost | straight or microscopic) curved petiole length in mm 9-23 (—25) (3-)6-12(-19) | 8-15-20) (3-)5-12 leaflet apex mucronate emarginate to mucronate emarginate to rounded rounded petal length in mm 5-7(-9) 7,0-12,0 7,0-12,0 10,0-18,0 pods + oblong + suborbicular | + oblong + oblong trichomes short,| glabrous, veins trichomes villous appressed clearly marked | minute, crests scattered sometimes + lacking distribution S.W. Africa; S.W. Africa; Swaziland; N. Transvaal; Botswana Botswana; central & E. Botswana N. Cape; W. to | Transvaal, central Trans- | N. Natal &
vaal Tugela Basin
(ii) petiole length and flower sizes: attribute separately for each form or variant wl
collectively for subsp. arachoides.
These additions are given in Table infraspecific variation within C. italica as this is present
it is necessary to give a range for each thin this subspecies and not
2 which may serve as a summary for ly known in South West
80 Journal of South African Botany
Africa, Swaziland and South Africa. A key permitting identification of the
infraspecific taxa within C. italica represented in these countries is provided. The following conclusions may be drawn:
1. No plants with all the size dimensions of subsp. italica have been seen from the area covered by the Flora of Southern Africa. There is no doubt, however, that the subsp. italica and arachoides are closely allied and differ quantita- tively rather than qualitatively.
2. Subsp. arachoides is the most variable of the three subspecies and comprises three forms: the typical form (A) limited to the more arid parts of southern Africa, namely, S.W.Africa, Botswana, the western Transvaal and the north- western and northern Cape Province; the minute-haired form (B, C) repre- sented in eastern southern Africa (the central and eastern Transvaal, Swaziland and Natal as far south as the Tugela river valley, also in Rhodesia, and Mocambique); the villous form (D) represented in the northern Transvaal (also probably in Rhodesia).
It has not been considered necessary to cite specimens additional to those listed by Brenan (1958).
It is interesting to postulate why subsp. micrantha should possess a stigma different from that of both other subspecies and why its distribution should be limited to India and central Africa and especially the latter where it breaks the distributional continuity of the stylar type representative of subsp. italica and arachoides. Can this be attributed to introgression by genetic material of a species of Cassia present in India and Central Africa, but absent elsewhere from the range of C. italica? C. tora in India and C. obtusifolia in Tropical Africa are closely related to one another and have a stigmatic form that might account for that of subsp. micrantha. All three taxa belong to the subgenus Senna, but to different sections of this subgenus. All have been recorded as possessing races with 14 chromosomes in the gametophytic phase (Irwin & Turner, 1960). Experimental breeding is required to test this postulate.
A duplicate of one of the syntypes of C. obovata Collad. var. pallidiflora Dinter in Feddes Repert. 15: 355 (1918) (Dinter 366, Okahandja) is preserved at the South African Museum Herbarium (SAM). This specimen agrees with other specimens of subsp. micrantha from South West Africa cited by Brenan (1958) and thus Dinter’s variety may now be accepted as falling within the limits of subsp. micrantha. Brenan (l.c.) stated that no syntypes of Dinter’s variety were still in existence at Berlin and duplicates had been looked for in vain in the herbaria at Hamburg, the British Museum (Natural History) and Kew.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS
The micrographs illustrating this paper were prepared in the following way: representative stigmas and pieces of ovaries and mature leaves removed from
Genus Cassia in SA: Notes on Cassia italica 81
herbarium specimens were mounted on stubs using double-sided adhesive tape. After drying for 24 hours in a desiccator, the specimens were coated in vacuum with gold-palladium to a thickness of less than 150 A, then examined in a Hitachi SSM2 scanning electron microscope at a voltage of 10 kV. The images were observed at a magnification range 100- and photographed with a 35 mm camera.
KEY TO SUBSPECIES AND FORMS REPRESENTED IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
Stigma (usually visible even on developing fruits) expanded to exceed the width of the style, asymmetrically trumpet-shaped (better developed adaxially than abaxially); style 3-4 mm long, curved but not + circinnate; flowers pale yellow to cream, brown veined; racemes, when only basal flowers are open, 20-80 mm long, usually shorter thankthetsubtendinpaleati cryin acres tess a) aatkersias nee Ses elolaanr subsp. micrantha Stigma (usually visible even on developing fruits) hardly expanded (subterminally only to slightly exceed style width) narrowing terminally to form an aperture usually narrower than the style; style 6-7 mm long, + circinnate; flowers bright yellow, brown veined only with age; racemes, when only basal flowers are open, mostly 60-150 mm long, usually longer than the subtending leaf....................... subsp. arachoides Ovarymolabroushir cee eis nate sets tis ac aueels atthe pics terse typical form (A) Ovaryabearin SitriChOMeS rave soe cede ee ceHin eset a aucee ae ale ei saitasievayy lo Gleusllads, Sueimapels Trichomes long, fine + straight, closely packed so as to form a villous
(DUIDCHCCNCCs s cd ba eonsboadonbouds eaes od negodoupooacep do villous form (D)
Trichomes short (microscopic) rather thick for their length, straight or curved,
closely packed when ovary very young ............ minute-haired form (B & C) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to thank Miss L. Cowan, Mrs B. Loutit and Messrs V. Bandu, P. Evers, B. Martin, R. Poonsamy and D. Tunnington for help in the preparation of illustrations; Dr J. H. Ross for the checking of specimens, and the Curators of Herbaria for the loan of material. Financial assistance from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES BAKER, E. G., 1930. The Leguminosae of Tropical Africa. Ostend: Unitas Press, pp. 636-637.
BRENAN, J. P. M., 1958. New and noteworthy Cassias from Tropical Africa. Kew Bull. 13: 239-243.
Burtt Davy, J., 1932. A manual of the flowering plants and ferns of the Transvaal with Swaziland, South Africa 2: 325. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
Dinter, K., 1918. Index der aus Deutsch-Siidwestafrika bis zum Jahre 1917 bekannt gewordenen Pflanzenarten II. Feddes Rep. 15: 355.
Irwin, H. S. AND TURNER, B. L., 1960. Chromosomal relationships and taxono- mic considerations in the genus Cassia. Am. J. Bot. 47: 309-318. ;
SCHREIBER, A., 1967. Caesalpiniaceae. In: Prodromus einer flora von Siidwest- afrika 59: 11.
VERDCOURT, B., 1970. Studies in the Leguminosae—Papilionoideae for the Flora of Tropical East Africa: III. Kew Bull. 24 (3): 379-447.
Jl S. Afr. Bot. 44 (1): 83-87 (1978)
NUCLEOLAR HETEROCHROMATIN IN ENCEPHALARTOS
D. J. MOGFORD (Department of Plant Sciences, Rhodes University, Grahamstown)
ABSTRACT
Using a denaturation-reannealing-fluorescence technique to illustrate the position of heterochromatin, it is shown that during interphase in the root tip cells of Encephalartos a close association occurs between heterochromatin and the nucleoli. The possible signifi- cance of this is discussed.
UITTREKSEL
NUKLEOLER HETEROCHROMATIEN IN ENCEPHALARTOS
Die gebruik van ’n denaturering-hergloei-fluoreserende tegniek om die posisie van heterochromatien te illustreer, toon dat daar in die wortelpunt selle van Encephalartos gedurende die interfase *n nou assosiasie tussen die heterochromatien en die kernliggaam- pies is. Die moontlike betekenis hiervan word bespreek.
INTRODUCTION
The functions of heterochromatin, i.e. the late-replicating fraction of DNA present as condensed “‘chromocentres’’ in interphase nuclei, remain obscure. This is despite widespread application of the recently discovered fluorescence and denaturation-reannealing techniques which indicate the location of heterochroma- tin bands in metaphase chromosomes (Caspersson ef al., 1968; Pardue and Gall, 1970).
In general, heterochromatin continues to be associated with developmental effects of the quantitative type. However, great diversity occurs not only in the nature of its effects but also in the nature of heterochromatin itself.
For example, Vosa (1970) demonstrated that there exist in plants at least four types of heterochromatin, characterised variously by enhanced or reduced quinacrine fluorescence and by positive or negative sensitivity to cold. The various responses of heterochromatin to denaturation-reannealing treatment followed by Giemsa staining add further complexity to the situation, such that in Allium flavum alone there exist four types of heterochromatin as characterised by their various responses to fluorescence and Giemsa staining (Vosa, 1973).
Of late, it has proved possible to obtain new evidence on the functions of heterochromatin by using the new techniques to identify the location of hete- rochromatin in interphase nuclei. Thus Mogford (1977) demonstrated that hete- rochromatin is involved in an end-to-end fusion of chromosomes in onion
Accepted for publication 14th July, 1977. 83
84 Journal of South African Botany
interphase nuclei, with the various consequences this implies for gene transcription and meiotic pairing.
The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between heterochromatin and nucleolar synthesis in the interphase nuclei of Encephalartos species.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Investigations were performed on growing root tips from seedling specimens of Encephalartos lehemanni Ecklon ex Lehm. and E. caffer Miq.
Nucleoli were studied by means of phase-contrast illumination using visible light, while heterochromatin was revealed using the combined denaturation- reannealing-fluorescence technique described previously (Mogford, 1977). The relationship between heterochromatin and the nucleoli was observed by means of simultaneous reflected-light fluorescence and transmitted-light phase contrast, using a Zeiss fluorescence microscope.
IGaale Metaphase chromosomes of E. lehemanni, prepared as indicated in text. Arrows indicate positions of heterochromatin; note the heterochromatic (and heteromorphic) satel- lites of the nucleolar organising chromosomes, marked by the larger arrows. X1349.
Nucleolar Heterochromatin in Encephalartos
85
Fic. 2. E. lehemanni, X1349.
Fic. 3. 7 E. caffer, X843.
Fics 2 & 3 Interphase nuclei of Encephalartos, showing relationship between tin and nucleoli. Photographed using combined fluorescence and phase contrast as described in text.
heterochroma-
86 Journal of South African Botany
RESULTS
Heterochromatin in E. lehemanni was found to be present on the nucleolar chromosome pair, principally in the vicinity of the nucleolar organisers, and also on certain of the other chromosomes (Fig. 1).
In both species, the heterochromatin visible during interphase was found to be strongly localised at positions along the borders of the nucleoli (Figs 2 & 3). It was assumed that this heterochromatin was that of the nucleolar chromosome pair, though the possibility that other heterochromatin was involved as well could not be ruled out since fusion of chromocentres during interphase is a common phenomenon.
DISCUSSION
The occurrence of heterochromatin in the vicinity of the nucleolar organisers, even in the quantities recorded in the present observations, is not by itself unusual. What is unusual is the extremely conspicuous association of heterochromatin with nucleoli in the interphase nuclei. This association in cycads may to some extent be inferred by conventional staining (Marchant, 1968), but is demonstrated with particular clarity by the present technique.
The relationship raises again the possible involvement of heterochromatin in nucleolar synthesis, for the consistency of the association is greater than that which might be expected simply from the location of heterochromatin in the vicinity of the secondary constrictions.
Brown (1966) suggested that heterochromatin in the vicinity of the nucleolar organiser might serve as an inert region of chromosome, separating off the intense ribosomal RNA synthetic activity of the nucleolus organiser itself from the activities of the remainder of the chromosome.
An alternative possibility is that heterochromatin itself might be involved in nucleolar synthesis. Certainly, such an intense and specific role would be consis- tent with the high degree of base repetition which modern studies indicate as characterising heterochromatin. Such repetition, indeed, would be consistent with the general quantitative action of heterochromatin. The difficulty here is that DNA in the heterochromatic state is normally assumed to be non-synthetic, though as a generalisation this is now less tenable in view of recent evidence for a differential amplification of certain heterochromatic DNA in both plant and animal species (Schweizer and Nagl, 1976). Of particular relevance is the observation of a differential amplification of nucleolus-associated heterochromatin in both the beetle Dytiscus marginalis and the cricket Acheta domestica (John and Lewis, 1975). The possibility of a synthetic role cannot therefore be excluded.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
May I thank Mr Cameron of the Grahamstown Botanical Garden for the loan of cycad seedlings.
Nucleolar Heterochromatin in Encephalartos 87
REFERENCES
Brown, S. W., 1966. Heterochromatin. Science, N.Y. 151: 417-425.
CASPERSSON, T., FARBER, S., FOLEY, G. E., KupyNowski, J., Mopest, E. J., SIMONSSON, E., WAGH, U. and ZECH, L., 1968. Chemical differentiation along metaphase chromosomes. Expl. Cell Res. 49: 214-222.
Joun, B. and Lewis, K. R., 1975. Chromosome hierarchy. Oxford University Press.
MarcHANT, C. J., 1968. Chromosome patterns and nuclear phenomena in_ the cycad families Stangeriaceae and Zamiaceae. Chromosoma 24: 100-134.
Mocrorp, D. J., 1977. Chromosome associations in onion root tip nuclei. J/ S. Afr. Bot. 43: 97-102.
PARDUE, M. L., and Gat, J. C., 1970. Chromosome localisation of mouse satellite DNA. Science 168: 1356-1358.
SCHWEIZER, D., and NAGL, W., 1976. Heterochromatin diversity in Cymbidium, and its relationship to differential DNA replication. Expl. Cell Res. 98: 411-423.
Vosa, C. G., 1970. Heterochromatin recognition with fluorochromes. Chromo- soma 30: 366-372.
Vosa, C. G., 1973. The enhanced and reduced fluorescence bands and_ their relationship to the Giemsa patterns in Allium flavum. Nobel Symposium 23: 156-158.
JI S. Afr. Bot. 44 (1): 89-91 (1978) ee
TWO NEW SPECIES AND A NEW COMBINATION IN THE GENUS KALANCHOE
H. R. TOLKEN (Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria)
ABSTRACT K. neglecta Toelken, K. rubinea Toelken and the new combination K. luciae Hamet subsp. montana (Compt.) Toelken are published.
UITTREKSEL TWEE NUWE SPESIES EN ’N NUWE KOMBINASIE IN DIE GENUS KALANCHOE
K. neglecta Toelken, K. rubinea Toelken en die nuwe kombinasie K. /uciae Hamet subsp. montana (Compt.) Toelken word gepubliseer.
Raymont Hamet worked for many years on the taxonomy of the genus Kalanchoe. He was, however, unable to complete a revised version of his early monograph published in 1907, and a number of names used by him on determina- vit labels were not validly published. The need thus arose to re-evaluate these taxa and to validly publish them in order to avoid confusion.
Kalanchoe luciae Hamet subsp. luciae K. luciae Hamet in Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2,8: 256 (1908); Hamet et Marnier- Lapostolle, Gen. Kalanchoe au Jard. Bot. Les Cedres 91, figs 112-114 (1964). Type: Transvaal, Spelonken, Junod s.n. (G, holo.).
Plants often up to 1,5 m high and glabrous. Leaves obovate to orbicular rarely oblanceolate. Sepals 2,5-4-5) mm long, glabrous. Squamae usually square to transversely oblong.
— subsp. montana (Compt.) Toelken, comb. nov. K. montana Compt. in Jl S. Afr. Bot. 33: 295 (1967). Type: Swaziland, near Devil’s Bridge, Compton 29 471 (NBG, holo.!).
Plants rarely more than | m high and usually hairy. Leaves narrowly oblanceo- late to rarely obovate. Sepals 5—6,5(-7) mm long, with scattered hairs. Squamae
oblong. : The subsp. montana is usually found associated with rock outcrops in sour
grassveld while the typical subspecies grows on rocky upper slopes of hills in bushveld. ee ee
Accepted for publication 28th September, 1977. 89
90 Journal of South African Botany
Kalanchoe neglecta Toelken, sp. nov. a K. rotundifolia Haw. thyrso corymboso denso et foliis profunde cordatis; a K. hirta Harv. lobis angustis corollae et foliis profunde cordatis differt.
Herbae perennes ramis erectis, per florescentia usque ad 1 m altis et 15 mm in diametro, glabrae. Folia petiolata, glabra; petioli 20-50(-80) mm longi, leviter sulcati supra; laminae ovatae 35-80(-130) mm longae, profunde cordatae vel peltatae, integrae vel leviter sinuatae, patelliformes vel planae, virides. Inflores- centia thyrsus corymbosus floribus multis in dichasiis densis. Calyx lobis anguste lanceolatis, (1,5—)2—3 mm longus, glaber, viridis. Corolla glabra, tubo paene tereti 6-7,5 mm longo; lobi anguste lanceolati et aceres, 2,5—3,5 mm longi, vitellini vel aurantiaci. Stamina verticillis duobus longitudine inaeqati, antheris flavis 0,5—0,6 mm longis et quoque appendicula terminali indistincta. Sqguamae lineares 1,6—2,5 x 0,2-0,3 mm, gradatim decrescentes ad apices, vix crassae, pallide flavae. Carpella stylis brevibus tenuibus et stigmatibus terminalibus; ovarium ovulis multis quoque c. 0,5 mm longis.
Type: Natal, Sordwana Bay, Vahrmeijer & Tolken 535 (PRE, holo.!).
Perennial herbs with erect branches up to 1 m high and 15 mm in diameter when in flower, glabrous. Leaves petiolate, glabrous; petioles 20-50-80) mm long, slightly grooved above; lamina ovate 35-80(-130) mm long, deeply cordate or peltate, entire or slightly sinuate, flat to patelliform, green. Inflorescence a corymbose thyrse with many flowers arranged in dense dichasia. Calyx with lobes narrowly lanceolate, (1,5—)2-3 mm long, glabrous, green. Corolla glabrous, with tube almost terete and 6-7,5 mm long; lobes narrowly lanceolate and sharply pointed, 2,5-3,5 mm long, yellow to orange. Stamens in two whorls of unequal length, with yellow anthers 0,5—0,6 mm long and each with an indistinct terminal appendage. Squamae linear, 1,6-2,5 X 0,2-0,3 mm, gradually tapering towards the apices, scarcely fleshy, pale yellow. Carpels with short thin styles and terminal stigmata; ovary with many ovules each c. 0,5 mm long.
Growing in small groups but never common, on sandy soil in north-eastern Natal.
Hamet used the name K. rotundifolia var. peltata on determinavit labels but this name cannot be used at species level because of K. peltata Baill.
Kalanchoe rubinea Toelken, sp. nov. a K. longiflora Schltr. ex J. M. Wood
ramibus teretibus et foliis plicatis recurvatis rubinescentibus differt.
K. longiflora var. coccinea Marnier-Lapostolle ex Jacobsen, Handb. Succ. Pl. 2:
652, fig 866 (1960); Sukk. Lex. 253, t. 105,1 (1970), non rite publicatum. Herbae perennes ramibus decumbentibus teretibus sed inflorescentiis erectis in
flore usque ad 1 m altis. Folia quoque plerumque petiolo, glabra; petiolus
(8—-)15-30(-45) mm longus, paene teres sed sulco non profundo supra; lamina late
Two new species and a new combination in the Genus Kalanchoe 91
elliptica vel ovata, 50—70(—100) mm longa, 40—60(-80) mm lata, cordata in foliis infernis sed plus minusve cuneata in foliis supernis, longitudinaliter plicata et plus minusve recurva, lobis quoque 1—3(4) dentibus obtusis, viridis vel atrorubinea. Inflorescentia thyrsus corymbosis dichasiis multis. Calyx lobis triangulari- lanceolatis, (1,5-)2-3(—5) mm longus, glaber, flavo-viridis. Corolla glabra, tubo 9-14-15) mm longo et quadrangulari; lobi late ovati vel paene orbiculares et mucronibus terminalibus, 2,5-4 mm longi, minute papillosi, flavi. Stamina ver- ticillis duobus longitudine inaequati, antheris flavis 0,7-1 mm longis et quoque appendicula terminali gracili. Squamae lineari-lanceolatae, 1,6-4 x 0,8-1,1 mm, apicibus gradatim constrictis, vix succulentae, pallide flavae. Carpella stylis papillosis gracilibus et stigmatibus terminalibus prominentibus; ovarium 50-80 ovulis quoque 0,6—0,8 mm longis.
Type: Transvaal, Soutpansberg, Galpin 14 934 (PRE, holo.!).
Perennials with decumbent branches but erect inflorescenes up to 1 m high when in flower, with terete branches. Leaves usually petiolate, glabrous; petiole (8-) 15-30(-45) mm long, almost terete but with indistinct groove above; lamina broadly elliptic to ovate, 50-70(-100) mm long, 40-60(—-80) mm broad, cordate on lower leaves, cuneate in upper leaves, folded length-wise and more or less recurved, with lobes each with 1-3(-4) obtuse teeth, green to deep ruby red. Inflorescence a corymbose thyrse with many dichasia. Calyx with lobes triangular- lanceolate (1,5-)2-3(-5) mm long, glabrous, yellowish-green. Corolla glabrous, with tube 9-13(-15) mm long and quadrangular; lobes broadly ovate to almost orbicular and with terminal mucro, 2,5-4 mm long, minutely papillose, yellow. Stamens in two whorls of unequal length, with broad yellow anthers 0,7—-1 mm long and each with a slender terminal appendage. Squamae_linear-lanceolate, 1,6-4 x 0,8-1,1 mm, gradually tapering towards the apex, scarcely fleshy, pale yellow. Carpels with slender papillose style and prominent terminal stigmas, ovary with 50-80 ovules each 0,6—0,8 mm long.
K. rubinea occurs along the Eastern Transvaal escarpment from eastern Swaziland to the Soutpansberg.
This species, which is widely used in horticulture, was always confused with K. longiflora, an endemic species of central Natal.
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